Retrovirus HIV, the etiological agent of the global AIDS epidemic, has been a major health concern since its discovery in 1981. Currently, the most successful treatment regimen is the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), which combines three or four of the current 26 FDA-approved HIV drugs in treatment. Half of these drugs target the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme that is essential for viral replication. Among the RT inhibitors, five are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) which bind to an allosteric pocket of RT. NNRTIs can inhibit the polymerase function by themselves, or synergistically with nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that bind to the active site of the enzyme. Currently, NNRTIs are always combined with NRTIs in HAART to maximize synergy and efficacy. Although HAART has been successful in extending the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals, several limitations to this treatment regimen exist, including solubility of individual drug, long-term toxic side effects and drug resistance. Therefore, the long term goal of this research is to develop safer, next generation therapeutics with improved pharmacological properties (PK/PD) and solubility that can overcome resistant variants. Using computational approaches, we have previously developed novel NNRTIs that have very potent antiviral activity (best EC50 = 530 pM) against HIV-1 as well as resistant variants of HIV-1 with common RT mutations. Moreover, our compounds exhibit much lower cytotoxicity and higher solubility than the FDA-approved second generation NNRTIs etravirine and rilpivirine. In order to further develop these compounds into useful therapeutics, binding affinity and association/dissociation rates will be determined using pre-steady state kinetics. Moreover, RT- inhibitor interactions will be elucidated with x-ray crystallography to provide a platform for rational drug design. Furthermore, antiviral activity of novel NNRTIs developed in our lab will be measured using cell-based assays, and changes in potency when combined with current FDA-approved NRTIs will be examined to find the combination that displays the highest synergistic effect. Finally, the molecular mechanism of NRTI-NNRTI synergy will be investigated by solving a quaternary RT:DNA:NRTI:NNRTI structure. Overall, this research will allow us to develop more potent NNRTIs with improved pharmacological properties, and identify the optimal combination of NNRTI and NRTI for combination therapy that should lower treatment failure rate and delay development of resistance.
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are key components of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV treatment. This proposal focuses on using kinetics, structural biology and cellular methods to develop novel NNRTIs that have maximum synergy with current nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The goal of this research is to develop new HIV drugs that can overcome treatment failure due to resistance and toxicity issues from long-term usage.
| Chan, Albert H; Lee, Won-Gil; Spasov, Krasimir A et al. (2017) Covalent inhibitors for eradication of drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: From design to protein crystallography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:9725-9730 |
| Kudalkar, Shalley N; Beloor, Jagadish; Chan, Albert H et al. (2017) Structural and Preclinical Studies of Computationally Designed Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Treating HIV infection. Mol Pharmacol 91:383-391 |
