The human intestinal tract supports a complex microbial environment consisting of bacterial (or microbiota) and fungal (or mycobiota) constituents. Although the role of each of these organisms in eliciting immune activation and inflammation in the gut has begun to be investigated and appreciated by the larger scientific community, their interspecies interactions within the context of the gastrointestinal tract remains an underrepresented area of research. The chemical basis for such interactions, critical for the rational design of treatments in gastrointestinal infection and disease, remain completely uncharted territory in the literature. This lies in stark contrast to the vibrant fields of terrestrial and marine secondary metabolite structural determination and bioactivity, where a seemingly endless stream of biosynthesized natural products and effector pathways been elucidated between fungi and bacteria. Our preliminary ribosomal 16S sequencing data show that specific communities of anaerobic bacteria are drastically increased in a reproducible way with a variety of antifungal medications. This analysis indicates that bacteria and fungi may occupy a similar, competitive ecological niche within the gut ecosystem. To illuminate the potential for bacterial metabolites to influence the mycobiota, thereby establishing a competitive advantage, we developed a library of known gut metabolites and screened for antifungal activity at physiologically relevant conditions in vitro. This resulted in the identification of two metabolites of bacterial origin with antifungal activity. Additionally, the work of our lab and others has shown that species-level diversity in the mycobiota is lost during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the human gut and outgrowth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans (C. albicans) is observed. We therefore hypothesize that opportunistic pathogenic fungi are held in check by bacterial metabolite production and that this mechanism is stimulated by intestinal fungi and impacts gastrointestinal inflammation. In addition to revealing novel mechanisms of fungal-bacterial interaction at an unprecedented small molecule level, the results of this proposed investigation will illuminate how fungal dysbiosis impacts the etiology and progression of intestinal inflammation, illuminating potential new strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. ! ! !
!! The human intestinal flora is a complex environment consisting both of the microbiota, bacterial constituents, and the mycobiota, fungal components, of the gut. Although the ability of these organisms to influence human health through metabolite generation, immune activation and inflammation is beginning to be understood and appreciated by the larger scientific community, specific fungal-bacterial interspecies interactions remain poorly characterized. The proposed research will analyze interactions between these organisms and their specific influence on host inflammation as it pertains to inflammatory bowel diseases.
