Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading opportunistic viral pathogen, causing invasive disease such as retinitis, pneumonia, colitis and encephalitis in the immunocompromised. Successful management of AIDS and transplantation includes effective suppression of CMV infection, often involving prolonged antiviral therapy. Current therapy, based on ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir, has a single viral target (DNA polymerase), and is complicated by dose-limiting toxicity, antiviral drug resistance and cross-resistance. Despite a strong clinical need and promising alternative antiviral drug targets, no new drugs have been FDA-approved in many years. The CMV UL97 kinase inhibitor maribavir is an important new treatment option because of oral bioavailability, a distinct viral target, and lack of cross-resistance with currently licensed drugs. After successful Phase I and II trials, ViroPharma conducted low-dose Phase III post-transplant prophylaxis trials which were unsuccessful but widely regarded as insufficiently dosed, because open label use of the drug at a higher dose appeared to salvage the treatment of several cases of refractory or drug-resistant CMV disease. During the past funding period, this research program identified viral UL97 and UL27 mutations that confer maribavir resistance, allowing for the timely genotypic diagnosis of the only maribavir-treated subject so far known to have developed resistance to this drug. In addition, the observed effects of cell culture conditions on in vitro maribavir susceptibility, and the synergistic effect of cellular antimetabolites, suggested that use of maribavir in combination with cellular kinase inhibitors may be beneficial. In the upcoming project period, research objectives pertaining to maribavir and other CMV antivirals are (1) use contemporary deep sequencing technology to track the evolution of drug resistance mutations, potentially enabling the earlier detection of impending resistance;(2) further develop phenotypic assays for CMV drug resistance by modifying control laboratory strains in genes UL128-131 to give them growth properties more similar to fresh clinical isolates, (3) evaluate the reported anti-CMV activity of cellular antimetabolites in clinical use for other indications, alone and in combination with existing antivirals;(4) assess the therapeutic potential of promising experimental compounds with defined CMV drug targets, with respect to potency, synergy, and propensity to resistance and cross-resistance. The expectation is that an ideally suppressive CMV therapy may involve a combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action, which could reduce the incidence of drug resistance, as in the treatment of other chronic viral infections.

Public Health Relevance

Improved management of CMV infection benefits all veterans with AIDS or who receive organ transplants. VA is a major provider of liver transplantation, especially at our Portland VA Medical Center. Currently, anti-CMV drugs are usually given for several months post-transplant in an attempt to suppress CMV disease, but prolonged use is limited by toxicity and resistance. This leads to cases of delayed CMV disease as therapy is withdrawn. Improved early recognition of CMV drug resistance and use of orally active agents with distinct and synergistic antiviral actions, as targeted by this research, should improve the cost and effectiveness of managing of this chronic viral infection. Maintenance therapy may help to mitigate the indirect inflammatory effects of post-transplant CMV infection such as graft vasculopathy or severe recurrent hepatitis.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Veterans Affairs (VA)
Type
Non-HHS Research Projects (I01)
Project #
5I01BX000925-03
Application #
8398923
Study Section
Infectious Diseases A (INFA)
Project Start
2011-04-01
Project End
2015-03-31
Budget Start
2013-04-01
Budget End
2014-03-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Portland VA Medical Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
089461255
City
Portland
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97239
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Chou, Sunwen (2015) Rapid In Vitro Evolution of Human Cytomegalovirus UL56 Mutations That Confer Letermovir Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:6588-93
Chou, Sunwen (2015) Approach to drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 28:293-9
Iwahori, Satoko; Hakki, Morgan; Chou, Sunwen et al. (2015) Molecular Determinants for the Inactivation of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor by the Viral Cyclin-dependent Kinase UL97. J Biol Chem 290:19666-80
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Chou, Sunwen; Ercolani, Ronald J; Marousek, Gail et al. (2013) Cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase catalytic domain mutations that confer multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:3375-9
Sahoo, Malaya K; Lefterova, Martina I; Yamamoto, Fumiko et al. (2013) Detection of cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations by next-generation sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 51:3700-10

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