Malaysia's HIV epidemic, historically driven by male people who inject drugs (PWIDs), has transitioned over the last two decades to a generalized epidemic with bridges between substance abuse and sexual transmission. During this period, females have accounted for a growing proportion of new HIV infections (from 1% in 1990 to 25% in 2011), which are overwhelmingly attributed to sexual transmission. Transgender women have also faced a growing HIV burden in the region, with recent evidence suggesting they are one of the highest at-risk subpopulations globally. Sex work and the frequent co-occurrence of substance abuse is a major risk factor for both females and transgender women, especially in Malaysia, which has become a major destination for sex tourism. Despite recommendations by international agencies (WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS) to implement innovative, combination approaches to HIV and substance abuse prevention, especially among women, uptake in Malaysia, and Southeast Asia generally, has been woefully inadequate. Novel approaches to addressing the complex syndemic of sex work and substance abuse among female and transgender sex workers (F/TGSWs) are in demand. The mentored projects proposed here address this need through the conduct of two formative research studies. The first will estimate the prevalence of HIV and STIs among F/TGSWs in Malaysia's Klang Valley, assess sexual and drug risk behaviors, and determine feasibility of behavioral and biomedical approaches to HIV and substance use prevention. The second study will build on the first by adapting behavioral and biomedical interventions to address co-occurring sexual and drug risk behaviors among F/TGSWs in the region. Findings from these projects will contribute to a greater understanding of HIV and substance abuse risk behaviors among the target population and establish the knowledge necessary to develop innovative approaches to addressing them. The candidate, Dr. Wickersham, is uniquely poised to perform this work because of his strong background in gender and women's studies, his research productivity in the area of public health, and his experience with research in the Malaysian context. Over the five years of this proposal, he will achieve his career goals and professional objectives to: 1) develop expertise in research methods necessary to design, perform, and adapt HIV risk reduction interventions and eventually conduct clinical trials relating to HIV and STI prevention among TGW and FSWs in Malaysia; 2) gain experience in intervention development, adaptation, testing, implementation, and dissemination that will address gender-specific barriers to HIV prevention and treatment services; and 3) develop an independent career path in patient-oriented research focused on the interface between HIV, women's health, gender, and substance abuse and prevention. To achieve these goals, Dr. Wickersham has assembled a team of outstanding leaders in the fields of HIV, substance abuse, epidemiology, and behavioral and biomedical intervention science. Under their guidance, he will complete relevant coursework, attend seminars, and conduct research to apply the skills necessary to become an independent investigator in HIV and substance abuse prevention among female and transgender women sex workers in the Malaysian context.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research will focus on determining the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female and transgender women sex workers (FTSWs) in Malaysia, as well as evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of implementing behavioral and biomedical approaches to HIV prevention and reducing sexual- and drug-related HIV risk behaviors. Specifically, this research will lead to: 1) improved knowledge on the prevalence of HIV and STIs among FTSWs in Malaysia; 2) improved understanding of sexual and drug risk behaviors that drive the transmission of HIV among FTSWs; and 3) identification of factors that impact acceptability and feasibility of innovative behavioral and biomedical approaches to preventing HIV transmission and reducing risk behaviors.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Scientist Development Award - Research & Training (K01)
Project #
5K01DA038529-03
Application #
9084501
Study Section
Behavioral and Social Science Approaches to Preventing HIV/AIDS Study Section (BSPH)
Program Officer
Jenkins, Richard A
Project Start
2014-07-01
Project End
2019-06-30
Budget Start
2016-07-01
Budget End
2017-06-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Yale University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
043207562
City
New Haven
State
CT
Country
United States
Zip Code
Lim, Sin How; Akbar, Mohd; Wickersham, Jeffrey A et al. (2018) The management of methamphetamine use in sexual settings among men who have sex with men in Malaysia. Int J Drug Policy 55:256-262
Vijay, Aishwarya; Earnshaw, Valerie A; Tee, Ying Chew et al. (2018) Factors Associated with Medical Doctors' Intentions to Discriminate Against Transgender Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. LGBT Health 5:61-68
Khan, Farrah; Krishnan, Archana; Ghani, Mansur A et al. (2018) Assessment of an Innovative Voluntary Substance Abuse Treatment Program Designed to Replace Compulsory Drug Detention Centers in Malaysia. Subst Use Misuse 53:249-259
Rutledge, Ronnye; Morozova, Olga; Gibson, Britton A et al. (2018) Correlates of Recent HIV Testing Among Transgender Women in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. LGBT Health 5:484-493
Bazazi, Alexander R; Wickersham, Jeffrey A; Wegman, Martin P et al. (2017) Design and implementation of a factorial randomized controlled trial of methadone maintenance therapy and an evidence-based behavioral intervention for incarcerated people living with HIV and opioid dependence in Malaysia. Contemp Clin Trials 59:1-12
Lim, Sin How; Mburu, Gitau; Bourne, Adam et al. (2017) Willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in Malaysia: Findings from an online survey. PLoS One 12:e0182838
Brown, Shan-Estelle; Wickersham, Jeffrey A; Pelletier, Alyssa R et al. (2017) Attitudes toward medication-assisted treatment among fishermen in Kuantan, Malaysia, who inject drugs. J Ethn Subst Abuse 16:363-379
Wickersham, Jeffrey A; Gibson, Britton A; Bazazi, Alexander R et al. (2017) Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Cisgender and Transgender Women Sex Workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Results From a Respondent-Driven Sampling Study. Sex Transm Dis 44:663-670
Lall, Priya; Shaw, Stacey A; Saifi, Rumana et al. (2017) Acceptability of a microfinance-based empowerment intervention for transgender and cisgender women sex workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J Int AIDS Soc 20:21723
Mukherjee, Trena I; Pillai, Veena; Ali, Siti Hafizah et al. (2017) Evaluation of a hepatitis C education intervention with clients enrolled in methadone maintenance and needle/syringe programs in Malaysia. Int J Drug Policy 47:144-152

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