This is a proposal for the continuation of a Research Scientist Development Award, now termed an Independent Scientist Award (KO2). During the first term of this award 60 experimental and control monkeys were created that had either normal or atypical prenatal exposure to androgen. Androgen exposures were of 40 days or less duration and critically timed to the start of the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Prenatal androgen exposure was reduced by twice daily administration of flutamide, an androgen receptor blocker. Weekly injections of testosterone enanthate were used to increase androgen. The proposed K02 Award will allow the PI to devote the majority of his time to investigating the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and cognitive consequences of these alterations in prenatal androgen exposure in socially-living rhesus monkeys. These studies will provide fundamental information about how early hormone exposure affects the development of sexual and sex-typed behavior in a primate with a complex social organization and a long period of sexual development. One of the most striking human cognitive sex differences is in aspects of spatial cognition. The proposed support will allow the PI to develop computerized approaches to studying spatial cognition in group-living monkeys to take advantage of a large sample of rhesus monkeys with atypical androgen exposure created during the previous funding period. In addition, the increased time available for research will allow investigation of possible sex differences in brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging. If neuroanatomical sex differences are demonstrated they can then be pursued in the experimental subjects as they near adult development. During the term of this award the experimental and control subjects will go through puberty and enter adulthood. A goal of the proposed plan is to explore how alterations in the prenatal androgen environment affect the process of pubertal change and adult reproductive behavior. Because none of our hormonal treatments substantially altered the genitalia of experimental females there are no apparent physical barriers to pregnancy. It will be particularly interesting to determine whether substantially less drastic alterations in prenatal androgen exposure than those previously used produce marked changes in reproductive and maternal behavior. In males that have experienced reduced prenatal androgen exposure the PI will determine whether the timing of such hormonal alterations differentially affects their sexual behavior. These studies of nonhuman primates have particular relevance to issues of human gender development, particularly the occurrence of gender dysphoria. The last goal of the proposal is to allow the PI to gain a deeper understanding of human gender dysphoria by spending time at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry in Toronto Canada, which has one of the world's most active research and treatment programs for childhood and adult gender dysphoria. The combination of these efforts will allow the PI to expand his research into new areas, while increasing his understanding of its relevance to important human mental health conditions.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Scientist Development Award - Research (K02)
Project #
5K02MH001062-08
Application #
6185263
Study Section
Psychobiology, Behavior, and Neuroscience Review Committee (PBN)
Program Officer
Oliveri, Mary Ellen
Project Start
1993-09-01
Project End
2003-07-31
Budget Start
2000-08-01
Budget End
2001-07-31
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
2000
Total Cost
$100,197
Indirect Cost
Name
Emory University
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
042250712
City
Atlanta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30322
Wallen, Kim; Lloyd, Elisabeth A (2011) Female sexual arousal: genital anatomy and orgasm in intercourse. Horm Behav 59:780-92
Hassett, Janice M; Rupp, Heather A; Wallen, Kim (2010) Social segregation in male, but not female yearling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 72:87-92
Wallen, K; Hassett, J M (2009) Sexual differentiation of behaviour in monkeys: role of prenatal hormones. J Neuroendocrinol 21:421-6
Hassett, Janice M; Siebert, Erin R; Wallen, Kim (2008) Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children. Horm Behav 54:359-64
Herman, Rebecca A; Wallen, Kim (2007) Cognitive performance in rhesus monkeys varies by sex and prenatal androgen exposure. Horm Behav 51:496-507
McFadden, Dennis; Pasanen, Edward G; Raper, Jessica et al. (2006) Sex differences in otoacoustic emissions measured in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Horm Behav 50:274-84
Herman, R A; Zehr, J L; Wallen, K (2006) Prenatal androgen blockade accelerates pubertal development in male rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:118-30
Tomaszycki, Michelle L; Gouzoules, Harold; Wallen, Kim (2005) Sex differences in juvenile rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) agonistic screams: life history differences and effects of prenatal androgens. Dev Psychobiol 47:318-27
Zehr, Julia L; Van Meter, Page E; Wallen, Kim (2005) Factors regulating the timing of puberty onset in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): role of prenatal androgens, social rank, and adolescent body weight. Biol Reprod 72:1087-94
Khan, Zia; Herman, Rebecca A; Wallen, Kim et al. (2005) An outdoor 3-D visual tracking system for the study of spatial navigation and memory in rhesus monkeys. Behav Res Methods 37:453-63

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