Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that has a particular tropism for the central nervous system (CNS) where it establishes a latent, encysted infection. This parasite can cause severe neurologic consequences and death in congenital infections or when reactivated in immunocompromised patients. Although the CNS has long been known to be the primary organ that harbors the encysted form of Toxoplasma, the CNS- parasite interaction is poorly understood. I have developed a proposal that will help me gain the scientific tools I need to become an independent, academic neurologist who studies the molecular mechanisms underlying this CNS infection. The goal of the research plan is to use the mouse model of toxoplasmosis in combination with site- specific recombination to understand how the cells of the CNS and different strains of Toxoplasma have specifically co-evolved to produce a variable immune response that results in a chronic CNS infection with or without concomintant encephalitis. Preliminary work I have done shows that by equipping Toxoplasma with a secretable Cre recombinase fusion protein, site-specific recombination will occur only in infected host cells.
Specific aim 1 is to transfer this technology into more biologically relevant, cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains. The goal of specific aim 2 is to verify the intracellular nature of the latent cyst in the CNS and establish the lineage of the cyst- containing host cells. I will accomplish this goal by using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent confocal microscopy to evaluate brain sections of Cre-reporter mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma-Cre strains.
Specific aim 3 then employs laser- capture microdissection to isolate the infected host cells determined in aim 2 in order to genetically profile these host cells on mouse genome expression arrays and ultimately determine how host cell modifications impact disease outcome. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that culminate in a chronic infection of the CNS will guide the development of drugs needed to actually cure toxoplasmosis, as well as identify novel gene targets for modulating the immune response in autoimmune diseases of the CNS.

Public Health Relevance

Public Health Relevance

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular pathogen with a predilection for the brain and that chronically infects much of the world's population [Montoya JG 2005]. The parasite produces tragic neurologic consequences when acquired in utero or when reactivated the immunocompromised, such as those with AIDS. The goal of this project is to understand how this chronic brain infection occurs so that treatments to cure the disease can be developed.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Clinical Investigator Award (CIA) (K08)
Project #
5K08NS065116-03
Application #
8131904
Study Section
NST-2 Subcommittee (NST)
Program Officer
Wong, May
Project Start
2009-09-15
Project End
2014-08-31
Budget Start
2011-09-01
Budget End
2012-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$171,596
Indirect Cost
Name
Stanford University
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
009214214
City
Stanford
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94305
Konradt, Christoph; Ueno, Norikiyo; Christian, David A et al. (2016) Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system. Nat Microbiol 1:
Cabral, Carla M; Tuladhar, Shraddha; Dietrich, Hans K et al. (2016) Neurons are the Primary Target Cell for the Brain-Tropic Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 12:e1005447
Hidano, Shinya; Randall, Louise M; Dawson, Lucas et al. (2016) STAT1 Signaling in Astrocytes Is Essential for Control of Infection in the Central Nervous System. MBio 7:
Han, Seong-Ji; Melichar, Heather J; Coombes, Janine L et al. (2014) Internalization and TLR-dependent type I interferon production by monocytes in response to Toxoplasma gondii. Immunol Cell Biol 92:872-81
Lopez, Jonathan; Lomen-Hoerth, Catherine; Deutsch, Gayle K et al. (2014) Influenza-associated global amnesia and hippocampal imaging abnormality. Neurocase 20:446-51
Koshy, Anita A; Cabral, Carla M (2014) 3-D imaging and analysis of neurons infected in vivo with Toxoplasma gondii. J Vis Exp :
Christian, David A; Koshy, Anita A; Reuter, Morgan A et al. (2014) Use of transgenic parasites and host reporters to dissect events that promote interleukin-12 production during toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 82:4056-67
Cekanaviciute, Egle; Dietrich, Hans K; Axtell, Robert C et al. (2014) Astrocytic TGF-? signaling limits inflammation and reduces neuronal damage during central nervous system Toxoplasma infection. J Immunol 193:139-49
Dupont, Christopher D; Christian, David A; Selleck, Elizabeth M et al. (2014) Parasite fate and involvement of infected cells in the induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 10:e1004047
Blader, Ira J; Koshy, Anita A (2014) Toxoplasma gondii development of its replicative niche: in its host cell and beyond. Eukaryot Cell 13:965-76

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