P2, SULLIVAN Hypertension affects ~33% of adults in the U.S. and regardless of sex, fewer than 40% of hypertensive patients taking medication achieve blood pressure (BP) control to recommended levels. A critical barrier to improving BP control rates is lack of knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms driving elevated BP in either sex. Therapies targeting the cause of hypertension will improve BP control rates and prevent premature death from cardiovascular disease. T cells contribute to hypertension in experimental animals, yet the mechanism(s) initiating inflammatory responses in either sex remains unresolved. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that when released by necrosis stimulates pro-inflammatory immune cells via toll-like receptor (TLR)4. In contrast, apoptosis limits HMGB1 release and promotes T regulatory cells (Treg). The objective of Project (P)2 is to determine the contributions of cell death, HMGB1, TLR4, and dendritic cells (DCs) to T cell activation, BP control, renal and vascular function in hypertension. Our central hypothesis is that cell death drives DC and T cell activation and increases in BP via HMGB1 release and TLR4 activation in both sexes. However, due to a sex difference in the type of cell death, the molecular pathway driving immune-based hypertension in females favors greater Treg formation. We will test our hypothesis via three specific aims: 1) test the hypothesis that cellular necrosis is pro-inflammatory and pro- hypertensive in male SHR, yet greater apoptosis in females attenuates the pro-inflammatory impact of cell death, 2) test the hypothesis that HMGB1 and TLR4 are pro-inflammatory and pro-hypertensive in males, while HMGB1 in females promotes Treg formation and mitigates increases in BP, and 3) test the hypothesis that mDCs in male SHR promote greater pro-inflammatory T cell activation and hypertension, while greater plasmacytoid DCs in female SHR result in more Tregs and lower BP. P2 is highly synergistic with the other projects and is dependent on all cores for the successful completion of our aims.
Aim 1 of P2 is highly collaborative with aim 1 of P1 and aim 3 of P3, and data generated in P2 will inform P3 as to the inflammatory status of the renal medulla, allowing for further insight into the impact of sex and BP on renal medullary function. Proposed studies integrate physiological, pharmacological, biochemical, molecular and cellular techniques to provide mechanistic insight into BP control. For decades, basic science research has focused almost exclusively on males; mechanistic insight into disease progression and treatment that could be gained by studying females has been ignored. Our results will provide the pre-clinical foundation to support targeting specific components of the immune system in a sex-specific manner to improve BP control rates in humans.

Public Health Relevance

P2, SULLIVAN Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risk of chronic kidney disease, stroke, heart attack, heart failure and peripheral artery disease and in ~85% of cases, the cause of hypertension remains unknown. Although both sexes develop hypertension, young women are protected from hypertension relative to age-matched men. The identification of mechanisms by which females exhibit a delayed increase in BP is an underutilized approach that can be exploited to develop improved treatment options for both sexes. The proposed project will improve scientific knowledge by advancing our understanding of the mechanisms activating T cells in hypertension in adult males and females which is in line with the missions of the NIH and in compliance with proposed mandates to balance sex in animal studies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Program Projects (P01)
Project #
5P01HL134604-03
Application #
9628685
Study Section
Heart, Lung, and Blood Initial Review Group (HLBP)
Program Officer
Maric-Bilkan, Christine
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2019-02-01
Budget End
2020-01-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Augusta University
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Augusta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30912
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Gonçalves, Tiago Tomazini; Lazaro, Carolina M; De Mateo, Fernanda G et al. (2018) Effects of glucosyl-hesperidin and physical training on body weight, plasma lipids, oxidative status and vascular reactivity of rats fed with high-fat diet. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 11:321-332
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