The pathogenic protist Entamoeba histolytica is estimated to be responsible for 50,000 to 100,000 deaths each year and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality due to parasitic disease in humans, particularly in developing countries. This protist is also listed by NIAID as a category B priority pathogen with bioterrorism potential due to its low infectious dose and potential for dissemination through compromised food and water supplies. E. histolytica has a simple life cycle, existing in either an infectious cyst form or as motile trophozoites which can reside in the anaerobic confines of the human colon. This microbe is a scavenger that lacks ATP- producing mitochondria and relies on glycolysis as its primary pathway for generation of ATP. The PPi- dependent glycolytic pathway of Entamoeba has an increased net generation of ATP, which would be beneficial for organisms that lack a functional citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and must rely solely on substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP from glucose breakdown. The proposed research examines the role of acetate fermentation in E. histolytica energy metabolism and physiology. Acetate is produced during growth in axenic culture, and the two enzymes of interest, acetate kinase (Ack) and ADP- forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acd), are both proposed to play a role in acetate production at the end of glycolysis. Acd is proposed to provide for generation of an additional ATP at the end of glycolysis. Recombinant E. histolytica Acd (EhAcd) has been shown to function well in both directions of the reaction, suggesting that this enzyme can operate in either direction in vivo, depending on the cell's metabolic needs. Recombinant E. histolytica Ack (EhAck) has been shown to have two unusual properties: production of PPi rather than ATP, and a strong preference for the acetate-forming direction of the reaction. Ack may thus provide a mechanism for supplying additional PPi for glycolysis under certain growth conditions that require a higher flux through this pathway. The two specific aims of this proposal are (1) to investigate the enzymology of EhAcd and EhAck using a structure-function approach; and (2) to determine the physiological roles of Acd and Ack in E. histolytica through transcriptome profiling and metabolic analysis of ACK and ACD RNAi and overexpression strains. The results from this research will provide a better understanding of a key metabolic pathway for ATP generation in this important eukaryotic pathogen.

Public Health Relevance

As Entamoeba histolytica is a leading cause of death due to parasitic disease, a thorough understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of this pathogen is necessary to fully combat it. To this end, this research examines the roles of two enzymes proposed to play a role in a key pathway for generation of ATP, the primary energy molecule used in all cells.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Exploratory Grants (P20)
Project #
1P20GM109094-01A1
Application #
8813283
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZGM1)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
2014-12-01
Budget End
2015-11-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Clemson University
Department
Type
DUNS #
042629816
City
Clemson
State
SC
Country
United States
Zip Code
29634
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