In June 2005, the FDA approved BiDil, a formulation of two unpatented drugs developed by NitroMed, to treat heart failure in African Americans.[114] As the first medicine designated for a specific racial group, as defined in OMB's 1997 Directive 15, this move by the FDA was unprecedented. It attracted considerable attention, and generated a rich dialogue, including sometimes sharp academic critique.[115] The analysis continues, although the marketing of BiDil has been halted and NitroMed is now struggling financially.[116] BiDil raised ethical and social issues related to scientific validity and integrity, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The use of race in research and clinical practice is fraught with complexity, and different constituencies used the term in different ways for different purposes. While some hailed the approval of BiDil as a step toward personalized medicine[117], critics felt that the marketing of BiDil could perpetuate the misconception that African Americans are biologically different from other groups.[118] There were also many others who felt that the patenting of BiDil and its marketing as a race-specific drug was driven primarily by NitroMed's business plan and commercial interests[119] and some who expressed concern about scientific validity and clinical implementation[120]. Other scholars provided more nuanced views of the complexity of the case, including the challenges in balancing scientific validity with social justice.[121] The story of BiDil did not necessarily change the """"""""race"""""""" conversation, but it made the discussion concrete and specific, and drew attention to scientific, medical, and economic issues as well as broader social conceptions of race. It is poised to become an important """"""""paradigm case"""""""", defined by DeGrazia and Beauchamp[122] as one that becomes an enduring and authoritative source for reflection and decision-making. A detailed scholarly interrogation of BiDil is needed, and has great promise to become such a paradigm case. The case study will not only increase our knowledge and understanding of the intricacies of this particular case, but will also probe the dominant thinking about race in science and medicine, and how that thinking influences research and practice. This inquiry will help move beyond BiDil to anticipate and better respond to future discoveries and medical applications that might be based on race or ancestry information. Careful examination of the case can probe the principles, rules, codes, duties and obligations, and rights relevant to research ethics, business ethics, and medical ethics, while producing a framework in which to strike an appropriate balance among competing interests. One particular focus will be nodes in the decision free of clinical research and translation into practice, in this case including granting of race-based patent claims and FDA premarket approval.
| Cook-Deegan, Robert; Ankeny, Rachel A; Maxson Jones, Kathryn (2017) Sharing Data to Build a Medical Information Commons: From Bermuda to the Global Alliance. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 18:389-415 |
| Cook-Deegan, Robert; McGuire, Amy L (2017) Moving beyond Bermuda: sharing data to build a medical information commons. Genome Res 27:897-901 |
| Thorogood, Adrian; Cook-Deegan, Robert; Knoppers, Bartha Maria (2017) Public variant databases: liability? Genet Med 19:838-841 |
| Cook-Deegan, Robert; Vishnubhakat, Saurabh; Bubela, Tania (2016) The mouse that trolled (again). J Law Biosci 3:185-191 |
| Michie, Marsha; Kraft, Stephanie A; Minear, Mollie A et al. (2016) Informed decision-making about prenatal cfDNA screening: An assessment of written materials. Ethics Med Public Health 2:362-371 |
| Meredith, Stephanie; Kaposy, Christopher; Miller, Victoria J et al. (2016) Impact of the increased adoption of prenatal cfDNA screening on non-profit patient advocacy organizations in the United States. Prenat Diagn 36:714-9 |
| Minear, Mollie A; Lewis, Celine; Pradhan, Subarna et al. (2015) Global perspectives on clinical adoption of NIPT. Prenat Diagn 35:959-67 |
| Angrist, Misha (2015) Start me up: ways to encourage sharing of genomic information with research participants. Nat Rev Genet 16:435-6 |
| Burke, Wylie; Appelbaum, Paul; Dame, Lauren et al. (2015) The translational potential of research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomics. Genet Med 17:12-20 |
| Minear, Mollie A; Alessi, Stephanie; Allyse, Megan et al. (2015) Noninvasive Prenatal Genetic Testing: Current and Emerging Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 16:369-98 |
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