Studying the normal functions and mechanisms of perception and attention is essential to identifying and understanding the failures in information processing and cognition that are aspects of many neuropathologies. Cognitive and attentional deficits are seen in a number of mental illnesses including schizophrenia, mood disorders and dementias of varying etiology. Studies in rodents suggest that acetylcholine (ACh) mediates attention, and cholinergic dysfunction is implicated in many cognitive neuropathologies. Questions arise, however, when one tries to model the cholinergic system as the basis for spatially precise attentional effects such as have been demonstrated in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Specifically, the smallest piece of tissue which can be independently modulated by ACh may be too large to allow for the topographically precise enhancement of processing which appears to underlie attention in primates. Thus, while rodent studies have contributed much to our understanding of cholinergic processes, investigating cholinergic function in a species in which attention and arousal are more separable in behavioral tasks is essential. Also necessary, if we are to build the detailed mechanistic descriptions necessary to drive innovation in clinical practice, is a thorough understanding of cholinergic action in cortical circuits. Currently, our progress is hampered by a striking lack of circuit-level data regarding the structure and function of the cholinergic system and by a limited understanding of the behavioral drivers of ACh release. The work I propose to conduct during the mentored and independent phases of this award will address these gaps by 1) using anatomical techniques to provide quantitative data on ACh receptor localization in cortical areas modulated by attention (both phases), 2) using optogenetic techniques to examine the effect that naturalistic ACh release has on the processing of sensory input by a local cortical circuit in vivo (mentored phase), and 3) using high-resolution chemical sensing to determine the spatial profile of ACh release in the sensory cortex of a) the anesthetized rodent under optogenetic control (mentored phase) and b) the awake, behaving NHP during an attention task (both phases). To achieve these aims I need further training that will complement my existing skills in anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Specifically, I need to learn how to train and record from NHPs that are engaged in tasks which probe attentional function. I also need a protected and innovative environment to work in while I develop protocols for chemical sensing in vivo in the behaving NHP. The Salk Institute is the ideal training environment for the achievement of these goals. Dr. John Reynolds, my mentor, is one of the world's foremost experts on the physiology of attention in NHPs and has a vibrant lab in which innovation is a normal part of the approach to research. The Salk Institute is also renowned for a collaborative atmosphere that fosters innovative approaches in the biological sciences. After a short period in this exciting environment, I expect to be ready to embark upon an independent research career and will seek a tenure-track position in Neuroscience.

Public Health Relevance

We will use cutting-edge technology to understand the role of acetylcholine in the neocortical processes underlying perception and selective attention. Cholinergic dysfunction is strongly implicated the cognitive deficits seen in many neuropathologies; including schizophrenia, mood disorders, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, autism and dementias of various etiology. Understanding how acetylcholine subserves normal cognition and perception will help elucidate which aspects of the deficits seen in these disorders are related to the loss of cholinergic function and can thus help to suggest avenues for clinical intervention.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Transition Award (R00)
Project #
5R00MH093567-04
Application #
8901308
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NSS)
Program Officer
Rossi, Andrew
Project Start
2011-05-01
Project End
2017-04-30
Budget Start
2015-08-01
Budget End
2016-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
004413456
City
Nashville
State
TN
Country
United States
Zip Code
37240
Coppola, Jennifer J; Disney, Anita A (2018) Is There a Canonical Cortical Circuit for the Cholinergic System? Anatomical Differences Across Common Model Systems. Front Neural Circuits 12:8
Krueger, Juliane; Disney, Anita A (2018) Structure and function of dual-source cholinergic modulation in early vision. J Comp Neurol :
Coppola, Jennifer J; Ward, Nicholas J; Jadi, Monika P et al. (2016) Modulatory compartments in cortex and local regulation of cholinergic tone. J Physiol Paris 110:3-9
Golovin, Randall M; Ward, Nicholas J (2016) Neuromodulatory influence of norepinephrine during developmental experience-dependent plasticity. J Neurophysiol 116:1-4
Disney, Anita A; McKinney, Collin; Grissom, Larry et al. (2015) A multi-site array for combined local electrochemistry and electrophysiology in the non-human primate brain. J Neurosci Methods 255:29-37
Disney, Anita A; Alasady, Hussein A; Reynolds, John H (2014) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed by most parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in area MT of the macaque. Brain Behav 4:431-45