Fetal exposure to alcohol can severely and permanently damage the developing brain and can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Despite public information campaigns and warnings from the Surgeon General, many women continue to abuse alcohol during pregnancy, and FASD remains one of the most common causes of mental retardation. In the US alone, FASD cases are estimated to cost the economy $5.4 billion annually. One of the most important ways in which alcohol disrupts brain development is by killing neurons. Loss of neurons contributes strongly to the microencephaly, behavior problems, and learning deficits in children with FASD. Utilizing pharmacological, molecular, and genetic approaches, we have discovered that a particular signaling pathway mediated by nitric oxide (NO) can protect developing neurons against alcohol toxicity. Using in vitro systems, we have found that pharmacological activation of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway can prevent alcohol-induced neuronal death. Conversely, blockade of this pathway worsens neuronal losses. Over-expression of the gene encoding neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which produces NO within neurons, protects neurons against alcohol-induced death. The objective of this proposal is to advance our findings beyond the in vitro setting, to determine whether the pathway can similarly protect the developing brain in vivo against alcohol toxicity and can be used as a therapeutic intervention.
The first aim examines the possibility that overexpression of the nNOS gene can ameliorate alcohol- induced neuronal death and behavioral deficits. Studies in this aim will examine whether ectopically expressed nNOS in Purkinje cells, the most vulnerable neuronal population to alcohol toxicity, can protect those cells against alcohol-induced cell death and prevent alcohol-induced cerebellar dysfunction.
The second aim examines the mechanism by which the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway signals its neuroprotective effects. Studies in this aim will determine whether the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway protects developing neurons against alcohol-induced death by inhibiting oxidative stress. The third specific aim examines whether the phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor, Bay60-7550, can protect the developing brain against alcohol toxicity by activating the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway, thus inhibiting oxidative stress. Completion of this research may shed light on the role of alcohol-induced oxidative stress in FASD and may identify the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway as a promising target for preventive interventions against FASD.

Public Health Relevance

NO-mediated neuroprotection against alcohol: mechanism and potential therapy Alcohol abuse during pregnancy can profoundly affect the fetus and cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which is a leading cause of mental retardation and a major public health problem. We have discovered that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (nNOS) and one of its pathways, the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway, play important roles in protection of developing neurons against alcohol toxicity. In this study, we will increase the expression of nNOS in cerebellar Purkinje neurons of mice by generating transgenic mice. We will determine whether the increased nNOS levels protect these otherwise highly vulnerable neurons against alcohol's toxic effects. In addition, we will uncover the molecular mechanism causing alcohol-vulnerability of neurons lacking the nNOS gene, and we will determine whether pharmacological activation of the NO-cGMP- PKG pathway can be used for the amelioration FASD.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AA021465-02
Application #
8590181
Study Section
Neurotoxicology and Alcohol Study Section (NAL)
Program Officer
Regunathan, Soundar
Project Start
2012-12-05
Project End
2017-11-30
Budget Start
2013-12-01
Budget End
2014-11-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$305,775
Indirect Cost
$103,275
Name
University of Iowa
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
062761671
City
Iowa City
State
IA
Country
United States
Zip Code
52242
Ahlers, Katelin E; Karaçay, Bahri; Fuller, Leah et al. (2015) Transient activation of microglia following acute alcohol exposure in developing mouse neocortex is primarily driven by BAX-dependent neurodegeneration. Glia 63:1694-713
Bonthius Jr, Daniel J; Winters, Zachary; Karacay, Bahri et al. (2015) Importance of genetics in fetal alcohol effects: null mutation of the nNOS gene worsens alcohol-induced cerebellar neuronal losses and behavioral deficits. Neurotoxicology 46:60-72
Karacay, Bahri; Bonthius, Nancy E; Plume, Jeffrey et al. (2015) Genetic absence of nNOS worsens fetal alcohol effects in mice. I: behavioral deficits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39:212-20
Karaçay, Bahri; Bonthius, Daniel J (2015) The neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene and neuroprotection against alcohol toxicity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 35:449-61
Karacay, Bahri; Mahoney, Jo; Plume, Jeffrey et al. (2015) Genetic absence of nNOS worsens fetal alcohol effects in mice. II: microencephaly and neuronal losses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 39:221-31