The grant application proposes continuation of research toward two long term objectives: understanding 1) the translocation mechanism of the conserved viral DNA packaging motor and its regulation;and 2) the evolution of the internal proteins injected to counter novel DNA translocating restriction enzymes. The packaging motor consists of the T4 large terminase subunit working at the portal dodecamer of the prohead to translocate dye labeled short DNAs of any sequence with near 100% efficiency. Following single complexes we will analyze portal-GFP prohead packaging. By FCS and nuclease assay short nicked DNAs are not packaged, unlike bubble mismatch DNAs, suggesting that the motor introduces torsion into the DNA to translocate it. FRET will be used to establish with double dye DNAs that the dimensions of the DNA are changed by the stalled motor. Additionally FRET between and within tagged terminase and portal will establish distance and conformational changes during packaging. FRET will also be used to establish the proximity of the two ends in packaged heads. We will determine the headful cutting specificity of the terminase. We will complete our work showing the participation of the late sigma factor (gp55)-sliding clamp (gp45) complex in packaging initiation in vivo on nicked circular DNAs by large terminase subunit gp17 interaction with a number of regulatory proteins. In the second objective, a diverse family of CTS-injected proteins has evolved by gene expansion at the IPI locus to challenge a novel family of NTP driven DNA translocating restriction enzymes. Our ongoing analysis of two of the gmrS/gmrD restriction endonucleases (CT and UT), two polymorphic phage gene antagonists (IPI* and IP5* whose structures we have determined), and diverse target sugar HMC adducts of these enzymes reveals an evolutionary pathway generating complexity on a nanoscale. Overall, effort devoted to the first DNA packaging objectives will be more heavily weighted than to the second restriction endonuclease-injected inhibitors portion, the two research objectives of our previous grant. However, approaches to studying DNA translocation in the two research areas will be complementary.

Public Health Relevance

Viral nucleic acid packaging occurs by a highly conserved mechanism among dsDNA bacteriophages and many DNA viruses of clinical importance including Herpes and Adenoviruses. Common features are seen also in the packaging of many RNA viruses of clinical importance, such as Reoviruses. Better understanding of the unitary packaging mechanism could promote development of packaging directed antiviral agents of animal viruses such as Herpes;moreover packaging in vitro into such animal viruses with efficiencies comparable to the phages'might be exploited in developing these same viruses as eukaryotic gene transfer agents. Finally, understanding viral packaging has an important bearing on the mechanism of closely related enzymes of importance to fundamental DNA processes, e.g. helicases and NTP driven DNA translocating restriction endonucleases.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI011676-36
Application #
8220775
Study Section
Prokaryotic Cell and Molecular Biology Study Section (PCMB)
Program Officer
Park, Eun-Chung
Project Start
1977-07-01
Project End
2014-02-28
Budget Start
2012-03-01
Budget End
2013-02-28
Support Year
36
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$367,538
Indirect Cost
$122,513
Name
University of Maryland Baltimore
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
188435911
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21201
Thomas, Julie A; Orwenyo, Jared; Wang, Lai-Xi et al. (2018) The Odd ""RB"" Phage-Identification of Arabinosylation as a New Epigenetic Modification of DNA in T4-Like Phage RB69. Viruses 10:
Ali, Bazla; Desmond, Maxim I; Mallory, Sara A et al. (2017) To Be or Not To Be T4: Evidence of a Complex Evolutionary Pathway of Head Structure and Assembly in Giant Salmonella Virus SPN3US. Front Microbiol 8:2251
Thomas, Julie A; Benítez Quintana, Andrea Denisse; Bosch, Martine A et al. (2016) Identification of Essential Genes in the Salmonella Phage SPN3US Reveals Novel Insights into Giant Phage Head Structure and Assembly. J Virol 90:10284-10298
Hardies, Stephen C; Thomas, Julie A; Black, Lindsay et al. (2016) Identification of structural and morphogenesis genes of Pseudoalteromonas phage ?RIO-1 and placement within the evolutionary history of Podoviridae. Virology 489:116-27
Black, Lindsay W (2015) Old, new, and widely true: The bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging mechanism. Virology 479-480:650-6
Liu, Jinny L; Dixit, Aparna Banerjee; Robertson, Kelly L et al. (2014) Viral nanoparticle-encapsidated enzyme and restructured DNA for cell delivery and gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:13319-24
Mullaney, Julienne M; Black, Lindsay W (2014) Bacteriophage T4 capsid packaging and unpackaging of DNA and proteins. Methods Mol Biol 1108:69-85
Thomas, Julie A; Black, Lindsay W (2013) Mutational analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa myovirus KZ morphogenetic protease gp175. J Virol 87:8713-25
Black, Lori Williams; Fraser, Debbie; Goodall, Heather et al. (2013) Academy news. Neonatal Netw 32:75-80
Dixit, Aparna Banerjee; Ray, Krishanu; Thomas, Julie A et al. (2013) The C-terminal domain of the bacteriophage T4 terminase docks on the prohead portal clip region during DNA packaging. Virology 446:293-302

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