The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both relies on host cell proteins for its replication, and is opposed by host cell factors, called """"""""restriction factors"""""""" with the potential to significantly control viral replication. Our hypothesis is that humans are so susceptible to HIV because our antiviral genes are poorly adapted to this virus, and because HIV-1 has adapted to humans by its own evolution of specific antagonists to these antiviral genes. While some restriction factors are very active against HIV, others work poorly in humans or are polymorphic in the human population with both active and inactive versions. In the APOBEC3 locus of restriction factors, APOBEC3H stands out because some humans make active versions of this protein, while others do not. We will determine how important APOBEC3H is for HIV infection by determining whether or not HIV adapts in humans who encode the most active form of APOBEC3H. We will also study the evolution and function of APOBEC3DE which is a restriction factor that has rapidly evolved since the human-chimpanzee divergence, and we will the exploit the natural infection of African Green Monkeys (AGMs) subspecies with divergent SIVs to understand how polymorphism in the APOBEC3 locus affects the evolution of the lentivirus-host relationship. Finally, we will characterize a restriction factor against HIV, called Viperin, that acts at a late stage of virus replication by a novel mechanism. Overall, the goal of this proposal is to understand how the past evolution and function of these restriction factors impacts HIV replication in humans.

Public Health Relevance

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the major viral pandemic of the past 25 years. Our study will elucidate the human defenses to HIV in order to understand why humans are so susceptible to this virus, how HIV evades our defenses, and how previous infections of human ancestors may have shaped the evolution of our viral defenses to HIV.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI030927-23
Application #
8489243
Study Section
AIDS Molecular and Cellular Biology Study Section (AMCB)
Program Officer
Stansell, Elizabeth H
Project Start
1991-08-01
Project End
2016-06-30
Budget Start
2013-07-01
Budget End
2014-06-30
Support Year
23
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$569,046
Indirect Cost
$238,085
Name
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
078200995
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98109
Garcia, Erin I; Emerman, Michael (2018) Recurrent Loss of APOBEC3H Activity during Primate Evolution. J Virol :
OhAinle, Molly; Helms, Louisa; Vermeire, Jolien et al. (2018) A virus-packageable CRISPR screen identifies host factors mediating interferon inhibition of HIV. Elife 7:
Roesch, Ferdinand; OhAinle, Molly; Emerman, Michael (2018) A CRISPR screen for factors regulating SAMHD1 degradation identifies IFITMs as potent inhibitors of lentiviral particle delivery. Retrovirology 15:26
Adolph, Madison B; Ara, Anjuman; Feng, Yuqing et al. (2017) Cytidine deaminase efficiency of the lentiviral viral restriction factor APOBEC3C correlates with dimerization. Nucleic Acids Res 45:3378-3394
Fregoso, Oliver I; Emerman, Michael (2016) Activation of the DNA Damage Response Is a Conserved Function of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr That Is Independent of SLX4 Recruitment. MBio 7:
Wittkopp, Cristina J; Adolph, Madison B; Wu, Lily I et al. (2016) A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Human APOBEC3C Enhances Restriction of Lentiviruses. PLoS Pathog 12:e1005865
McLaughlin Jr, Richard N; Gable, Jacob T; Wittkopp, Cristina J et al. (2016) Conservation and Innovation of APOBEC3A Restriction Functions during Primate Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 33:1889-901
Mitchell, Patrick S; Young, Janet M; Emerman, Michael et al. (2015) Evolutionary Analyses Suggest a Function of MxB Immunity Proteins Beyond Lentivirus Restriction. PLoS Pathog 11:e1005304
Matsen 4th, Frederick A; Small, Christopher T; Soliven, Khanh et al. (2014) A novel Bayesian method for detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation and its application to zoonotic transmission of simian foamy viruses. PLoS Comput Biol 10:e1003493
Refsland, Eric W; Hultquist, Judd F; Luengas, Elizabeth M et al. (2014) Natural polymorphisms in human APOBEC3H and HIV-1 Vif combine in primary T lymphocytes to affect viral G-to-A mutation levels and infectivity. PLoS Genet 10:e1004761

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