After more than a decade of clinical studies, gene therapy for the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia B (factor IX, F.IX) deficiency) based on in vivo adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene transfer has enjoyed a major success in 2011. Several patients showed sustained therapeutic expression after hepatic gene transfer. Despite these encouraging results, immune responses against vector and transgene product continue to be of concern for safety and success of gene therapy for hemophilia. At the same time, our prior animal studies demonstrated that hepatocyte-restricted transgene expression from an AAV vector induced immune tolerance to the F.IX transgene product. Tolerance induction critically depended on a CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) response. Optimal hepatic gene transfer increased Treg induction and thus the success rate of tolerance induction. Conversely, we found that innate TLR9-dependent immune responses to the vector may increase adaptive immune responses. This proposal addresses several immunological aspects that are critical to future development of the approach. First, we will further define the mechanism of innate immune responses to AAV vectors and determine links to adaptive responses against vector and F.IX transgene product. Second, we will uncover a mechanism by which optimal hepatic gene transfer can not only prevent but also reverse antibody (inhibitor) formation against F.IX. Our preliminary data support the notion that hepatic AAV gene transfer represents an alternative to current clinical immune tolerance induction (ITI) protocols for hemophilia (which are suboptimal and expensive). Finally, we will extent investigations on the immunology of hepatic AAV gene transfer to treatment of hemophilia A (factor VIII, F.VIII, deficiency), the more common form of hemophilia. F.VIII is typically regarded as more immunogenic and is also more difficult to express at high level. In conventional protein therapy, inhibitor formation occurs far more frequently in hemophilia A than in hemophilia B. For all these reasons, development of a gene therapy for hemophilia A has not been straightforward. We propose that use of a codon-optimized F.VIII cDNA and transient depletion of B cells with anti-CD20 can be exploited to accomplish tolerance induction to F.VIII by hepatic AAV gene transfer. In summary, the following hypotheses will be tested: i) toll-like receptors, inflammatory cytokine production and type I interferon responses are critical components of the innate response to AAV vector; ii) innate immune responses and Treg shape adaptive responses to vector and F.IX transgene product, iii) blockage of innate immunity reduces adaptive responses against vector and transgene product; iv) optimal hepatic gene transfer (under conditions of limited innate immunity and high levels of expression) can effectively reverse inhibitor and anaphylactic responses to F.IX in hemophilia B mice; and v) use of a codon-optimized F.VIII cDNA and transient B cell depletion facilitate tolerance induction to F.VIII by liver gene transfer in hemophilia A mice.

Public Health Relevance

This project will develop novel to prevent or eliminate undesired immune responses in treatment of the inherited bleeding disorder hemophilia. Immune responses to coagulation factors represent a severe complication of treatment of patients with hemophilia, increase morbidity and mortality, and substantially increase cost of treatment. A gene therapy that also promotes immune tolerance would substantially improve the lives of hemophilic patients and lower health care costs.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
4R01AI051390-15
Application #
8968217
Study Section
Gene and Drug Delivery Systems Study Section (GDD)
Program Officer
Voulgaropoulou, Frosso
Project Start
2002-04-01
Project End
2017-11-30
Budget Start
2015-12-01
Budget End
2016-11-30
Support Year
15
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Florida
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
969663814
City
Gainesville
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
32611
Biswas, Moanaro; Kumar, Sandeep R P; Terhorst, Cox et al. (2018) Gene Therapy With Regulatory T Cells: A Beneficial Alliance. Front Immunol 9:554
Herzog, Roland W; Cooper, Mario; Perrin, George Q et al. (2017) Regulatory T cells and TLR9 activation shape antibody formation to a secreted transgene product in AAV muscle gene transfer. Cell Immunol :
Biswas, Moanaro; Rogers, Geoffrey L; Sherman, Alexandra et al. (2017) Combination therapy for inhibitor reversal in haemophilia A using monoclonal anti-CD20 and rapamycin. Thromb Haemost 117:33-43
Rogers, Geoffrey L; Shirley, Jamie L; Zolotukhin, Irene et al. (2017) Plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells cooperate in crosspriming AAV capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. Blood 129:3184-3195
Wang, Xiaomei; Herzog, Roland W; Byrne, Barry J et al. (2017) Immune Modulatory Cell Therapy for Hemophilia B Based on CD20-Targeted Lentiviral Gene Transfer to Primary B Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 5:76-82
Kumar, Sandeep R P; Hoffman, Brad E; Terhorst, Cox et al. (2017) The Balance between CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Clearance of AAV-Encoded Antigen in the Liver and Tolerance Is Dependent on the Vector Dose. Mol Ther 25:880-891
Herzog, Roland W (2017) Complexity of immune responses to AAV transgene products - Example of factor IX. Cell Immunol :
Palaschak, Brett; Marsic, Damien; Herzog, Roland W et al. (2017) An Immune-Competent Murine Model to Study Elimination of AAV-Transduced Hepatocytes by Capsid-Specific CD8+ T Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 5:142-152
Sherman, Alexandra; Biswas, Moanaro; Herzog, Roland W (2017) Innovative Approaches for Immune Tolerance to Factor VIII in the Treatment of Hemophilia A. Front Immunol 8:1604
Markusic, David M; Nichols, Timothy C; Merricks, Elizabeth P et al. (2017) Evaluation of engineered AAV capsids for hepatic factor IX gene transfer in murine and canine models. J Transl Med 15:94

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