Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a preeminent pathogen causing a wide spectrum of human diseases. The propensity of particular GAS strains to produce systemic infection defines its capacity to resist host innate immune clearance mechanisms. A clone of the GAS M1T1 serotype spread globally over the last 40 years as the leading cause of invasive infections. Our lab adopted a multifaceted approach to understanding GAS and host factors explaining diverse outcomes of this host-pathogen interaction, using invasive M1T1 GAS clone as a primary model. Our approach coupled precise, targeted of candidate virulence factor genes with in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models of disease pathogenesis, including WT and knockout mouse lines. We hypothesized that the outcome of GAS infection is dictated by the action and regulation of these GAS virulence factors in response to selective pressures exerted by host innate immunity. In the first funding period, we examined more than two dozen individual virulence factors of the GAS M1T1 clone and their extra- and intracellular interaction with host neutrophils and macrophages, epithelial and endothelial barriers, and soluble immune effectors including antimicrobial peptides, complement proteins and antibodies. For this first renewal application, a key (originally unanticipated) discovery of the past year serves as the central focus for new investigation: our identification of the long-sought-after molecular genetic basis of the hallmark, species-defining, Lancefield group A cell wall carbohydrate antigen (GAC). Our genetic knowledge allowed us to generate the first, precise isogenic GAS M1T1 mutant lacking the Lancefield epitope, a GlcNAc side chain that extends from the polyrhamnose backbone of the antigen. Previously thought only to play a structural role in cell wall biogenesis, we demonstrated that the GlcNAc side-chain contributes to GAS disease pathogenesis by promoting GAS resistance to cationic defense peptides, serum and neutrophil killing, and a mutant lacking the GlcNAC side chain was markedly attenuated for virulence in vivo. The GlcNAc side-chain of GAC has been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, and we now have a genetic strategy for its elimination. Here we pursue a comprehensive analysis of the GAC GlcNAc side-chain in colonization and systemic virulence of GAS from different disease-associated serotypes, informed by the enhanced mechanistic understanding provided by studies of the original funding period. We will examine the role of the GAC GlcNAc side chain in GAS epithelial cell adherence and invasion, biofilm formation, intracellular survival, interaction with the autophagy system, resistance to macrophage killing, and modulation of leukocyte activation. In vivo, we will assess its role in GAS colonization, necrotizing skin infection and septicemia. Efficacy and safety of GlcNAc- deficient GAC as a universal vaccine antigen will be examined upon conjugation with three different proteins using an active immunization regimen in three different mouse models of GAS disease, with attention to antibody titers, promotion of opsono-phagocytosis and elimination of human tissue cross-reactivity.

Public Health Relevance

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a leading human pathogen and a top 10 infectious killer worldwide. Our collaborative research dissects the molecular basis of GAS virulence to provide new targets for treatment. The current work exploits new discoveries regarding GAS innate immune evasion, and the genetic basis and virulence role of a hallmark GAS antigen that may aid in development of a safe and universal vaccine.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01AI077780-06A1
Application #
8889007
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-HIBP-M (90))
Program Officer
GU, Xin-Xing
Project Start
2008-09-01
Project End
2020-01-31
Budget Start
2015-02-04
Budget End
2016-01-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$377,750
Indirect Cost
$123,750
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
Valderrama, J Andrés; Nizet, Victor (2018) Group A Streptococcus encounters with host macrophages. Future Microbiol 13:119-134
Soderholm, Amelia T; Barnett, Timothy C; Korn, Othmar et al. (2018) Group A Streptococcus M1T1 Intracellular Infection of Primary Tonsil Epithelial Cells Dampens Levels of Secreted IL-8 Through the Action of SpyCEP. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:160
Henningham, Anna; Davies, Mark R; Uchiyama, Satoshi et al. (2018) Virulence Role of the GlcNAc Side Chain of the Lancefield Cell Wall Carbohydrate Antigen in Non-M1-Serotype Group A Streptococcus. MBio 9:
van Hensbergen, Vincent P; Movert, Elin; de Maat, Vincent et al. (2018) Streptococcal Lancefield polysaccharides are critical cell wall determinants for human Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 to exert its bactericidal effects. PLoS Pathog 14:e1007348
Escajadillo, Tamara; Olson, Joshua; Luk, Brian T et al. (2017) A Red Blood Cell Membrane-Camouflaged Nanoparticle Counteracts Streptolysin O-Mediated Virulence Phenotypes of Invasive Group A Streptococcus. Front Pharmacol 8:477
De Oliveira, David M P; Hartley-Tassell, Lauren; Everest-Dass, Arun et al. (2017) Blood Group Antigen Recognition via the Group A Streptococcal M Protein Mediates Host Colonization. MBio 8:
Döhrmann, Simon; LaRock, Christopher N; Anderson, Ericka L et al. (2017) Group A Streptococcal M1 Protein Provides Resistance against the Antimicrobial Activity of Histones. Sci Rep 7:43039
Thamphiwatana, Soracha; Angsantikul, Pavimol; Escajadillo, Tamara et al. (2017) Macrophage-like nanoparticles concurrently absorbing endotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines for sepsis management. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:11488-11493
Zhang, Yue; Gao, Weiwei; Chen, Yijie et al. (2017) Self-Assembled Colloidal Gel Using Cell Membrane-Coated Nanosponges as Building Blocks. ACS Nano 11:11923-11930
Valderrama, J Andrés; Riestra, Angelica M; Gao, Nina J et al. (2017) Group A streptococcal M protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nat Microbiol 2:1425-1434

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