B cell development requires the ordered V(D)J rearrangement of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Defects in Ig rearrangement lead to severe immunodeficiencies while aberrant chromosomal translocations result in leukemia and lymphoma. During development, Ig rearrangement is tightly regulated with heavy chain locus (IgH) accessibility and rearrangement occurring at the pro-B cell stage and light chain kappa locus (Ig?) accessibility and rearrangement at the pre-B cell stage. As the heavy and light chain loci are huge (up to 3.4 mb), distal V(D)J rearrangement requires an additional developmentally controlled physical contraction process to bring distal V region genes into the proximity of D and J gene segments. While it is clear that accessibility and locus contraction are developmentally regulated, the mechanistic basis for these effects is currently unclear. During the past funding period, we have identified YY1 as a critical regulator of Ig locus contraction. We demonstrated that YY1 localizes at over 20 sites spanning the Ig? locus in cells poised to undergo Ig? rearrangement, and that YY1 co-localizes at these sites with components of the condensin, cohesin, and Polycomb Group (PcG) complexes, proteins involved in large-scale chromosomal interactions. We recently also found that YY1 binds to the Ig? Cer DNA element that regulates Ig? locus contraction and recruits condensin proteins in a YY1-dependent manner. Based on our cumulative data, we hypothesize that YY1 binds to Ig loci, and that developmentally regulated interactions of DNA-bound YY1 with various components of the condensin, cohesin, and PcG complexes, as well as with CTCF, a YY1-interacting protein known to impact Ig locus contraction, regulates the temporal rearrangement of the Ig loci. By ChIP-seq approaches we will determine (1) whether developmentally regulated YY1-dependent recruitment of PcG, condensin, cohesin, and CTCF proteins is required for differential recombination of the IgH and Ig? loci during B cell maturation. Using proteomic, co-IP, and modification-specific antibodies we will (2) determine the mechanistic basis for developmentally regulated YY1 interactions with condensin, cohesin, PcG, and CTCF proteins. We hypothesize that (3) the YY1, condensin, cohesin, and PcG protein co-localization sites physically interact with each other, and with the Cer regulatory sequence to mediate locus contraction and Ig? rearrangement. We will test this using 3C assays in pro-B, pre-B, and YY1 knock-out backgrounds, and will define the mechanism of YY1 function in Ig locus contraction by expressing YY1 mutants with defined functions in YY1-null cells followed by 3D-FISH to measure locus contraction. We anticipate that our studies will provide foundational insight into the mechanisms of YY1-mediated Ig locus contraction and will result in a tremendous advances in our understanding of B cell development and immune function, as well as mechanisms resulting in leukemia and lymphoma.

Public Health Relevance

Our studies will determine how YY1 controls immunoglobulin (Ig) locus contraction, a process required for the generation of antibodies that protect the body from infection. As defects in Ig locus contraction can cause immune deficiencies and translocations involved in leukemia and lymphoma, these studies may identify new mechanisms to regulate these DNA interactions, thereby preventing disease development in the immune system, as well as other systems in which long-range DNA interactions are required.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI079002-07
Application #
9182858
Study Section
Cellular and Molecular Immunology - B Study Section (CMIB)
Program Officer
Liu, Qian
Project Start
2010-07-01
Project End
2020-11-30
Budget Start
2016-12-01
Budget End
2017-11-30
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Veterinary Sciences
Type
Schools of Veterinary Medicine
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Zaprazna, Kristina; Basu, Arindam; Tom, Nikola et al. (2018) Transcription factor YY1 can control AID-mediated mutagenesis in mice. Eur J Immunol 48:273-282
Syrett, Camille M; Sindhava, Vishal; Hodawadekar, Suchita et al. (2017) Loss of Xist RNA from the inactive X during B cell development is restored in a dynamic YY1-dependent two-step process in activated B cells. PLoS Genet 13:e1007050
Mehra, Parul; Gerasimova, Tatiana; Basu, Arindam et al. (2016) YY1 controls E?-3'RR DNA loop formation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination. Blood Adv 1:15-20
Wang, Jianle; Syrett, Camille M; Kramer, Marianne C et al. (2016) Unusual maintenance of X chromosome inactivation predisposes female lymphocytes for increased expression from the inactive X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E2029-38
Banerjee, Anupam; Sindhava, Vishal; Vuyyuru, Raja et al. (2016) YY1 Is Required for Germinal Center B Cell Development. PLoS One 11:e0155311
Atchison, Michael L (2014) Function of YY1 in Long-Distance DNA Interactions. Front Immunol 5:45
Basu, Arindam; Wilkinson, Frank H; Colavita, Kristen et al. (2014) YY1 DNA binding and interaction with YAF2 is essential for Polycomb recruitment. Nucleic Acids Res 42:2208-23
Pan, Xuan; Papasani, Madhusudhan; Hao, Yi et al. (2013) YY1 controls Ig? repertoire and B-cell development, and localizes with condensin on the Ig? locus. EMBO J 32:1168-82
Pan, Xuan; Jones, Morgan; Jiang, Jie et al. (2012) Increased expression of PcG protein YY1 negatively regulates B cell development while allowing accumulation of myeloid cells and LT-HSC cells. PLoS One 7:e30656
Zaprazna, Kristina; Atchison, Michael L (2012) YY1 controls immunoglobulin class switch recombination and nuclear activation-induced deaminase levels. Mol Cell Biol 32:1542-54

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