Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the ICU, particularly among patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Many isolates are multi-drug resistant and some isolates are resistant to all currently extant anti-infective agents. There are currently no new antibiotics in clinical development (in man) with novel mechanisms of action against Pseudomonas. Given the cycle time associated with new drug development, it is likely that no antibiotics with new mechanisms of action for this pathogen will arise for 5 - 7 years. Thus, we must generate new knowledge about how best to suppress antibiotic resistance for this pathogen. This will help preserve our current drugs while we await new agents. Also, when agents with new mechanisms of action become available they can be developed in an optimal fashion for resistance suppression, both as monotherapy and in combination. In this application (Specific Aim #1), we hypothesize that we can identify optimal doses and schedules of administration for monotherapy for resistance suppression by studying this pathogen in our Hollow Fiber Infection Model (HFIM) and fitting a large mathematical model to the HFIM data to identify these doses and schedules. We further hypothesize that different resistance mechanisms will alter optimal doses and schedules. We propose to study isogenic mutants of the wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO-1 isolate, each containing a defined resistance mechanism. These findings will be bridged to man through use of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS).
In Specific Aim #2, we propose to examine drugs in combination chemotherapy. We have developed a completely novel mathematical model that allows description of the impact of two drug combination chemotherapy on isolates of P. aeruginosa. This model is a mixture model and allows the fitting of the model to the concentration-time course of both agents as well as to fit the model to the disparate changes over time wrought by the combination of agents on the susceptible and less-susceptible populations of organisms present. Robust identification of the parameters of this system will allow calculation of optimal combination regimens for resistance suppression. Such regimens will be bridged to man through the use of MCS, as above. The HFIM is an in vitro system.
In Specific Aim #3, we will also validate these optimal and non-optimal regimens in a neutropenic mouse pneumonia model, employing the same isolates studied in vitro in Aims #1 and #2. In examining this, we will use """"""""humanized"""""""" dosing for the regimens, so that differences between mouse and human pharmacokinetics will not drive an improper inference. This will be done for both mono- and combination therapy. Prospective validation experiments will be designed and carried out. Results will be compared with the in vitro findings and also bridged to man. In so doing robust principles will be defined for drug regimens that will suppress amplification of resistant mutant populations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen of major importance in the Intensive Care Unit and is often resistant to many or even all of the drugs in our therapeutic armamentarium. As no agents with a unique mechanism of action active against Pseudomonas are expected for at least 7 years, it is imperative to learn how to use our currently available agents in a way that suppresses emergence of resistance and keeps these agents active for our patients. We plan to do this by 1) understanding the optimal way to dose Pseudomonas-active drugs in our hollow fiber infection model (HFIM) to suppress resistance and delineate the impact of different resistance mechanisms on this process 2) understand how to administer these drugs in combination in the HFIM to optimally suppress resistance emergence 3) validate the in vitro findings from the HFIM in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI079578-03
Application #
7914321
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1-DDS-M (M1))
Program Officer
Taylor, Christopher E,
Project Start
2008-08-01
Project End
2011-07-31
Budget Start
2010-08-01
Budget End
2011-07-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$750,762
Indirect Cost
Name
Ordway Research Institute, Inc.
Department
Type
DUNS #
124361945
City
Albany
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
12208
Louie, Arnold; Liu, Weiguo; VanGuilder, Michael et al. (2015) Combination treatment with meropenem plus levofloxacin is synergistic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a murine model of pneumonia. J Infect Dis 211:1326-33
Drusano, G L; Louie, Arnold; MacGowan, Alasdair et al. (2015) Suppression of Emergence of Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria: Keeping Our Powder Dry, Part 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:1183-93
Drusano, G L; Hope, William; MacGowan, Alasdair et al. (2015) Suppression of Emergence of Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria: Keeping Our Powder Dry, Part 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:1194-201
Drusano, George Louis; Liu, Weiguo; Fikes, Steven et al. (2014) Interaction of drug- and granulocyte-mediated killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine pneumonia model. J Infect Dis 210:1319-24
Drusano, George L; Neely, Michael; Van Guilder, Michael et al. (2014) Analysis of combination drug therapy to develop regimens with shortened duration of treatment for tuberculosis. PLoS One 9:e101311
Roberts, Jason A; Abdul-Aziz, Mohd H; Lipman, Jeffrey et al. (2014) Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis 14:498-509
Louie, Arnold; Liu, Weiguo; Fikes, Steven et al. (2013) Impact of meropenem in combination with tobramycin in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2788-92
Drusano, G L; Bonomo, Robert A; Bahniuk, Nadzeya et al. (2012) Resistance emergence mechanism and mechanism of resistance suppression by tobramycin for cefepime for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:231-42
Drusano, G L; Lodise, T P; Melnick, D et al. (2011) Meropenem penetration into epithelial lining fluid in mice and humans and delineation of exposure targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:3406-12
Drusano, G L; Vanscoy, B; Liu, W et al. (2011) Saturability of granulocyte kill of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine model of pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2693-5

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