Our goal is to define the molecular mechanisms that control interactions between Cryptococcus neoformans and the mammalian immune system in an effort to ultimately prevent and treat fungal disease. Fungi are emerging pathogens, and morbidity and mortality are most apparent among the immunocompromised, especially in individuals with HIV/AIDS. The meningitis-causing fungus C. neoformans is particularly aggressive among people with AIDS, estimated to cause over a million cases of disease and ~600,000 deaths world-wide annually. The bulk of this burden is in Sub-Saharan Africa where the number of deaths from cryptococcal meningitis now appears to surpass the number of deaths from tuberculosis. In this region 13-44% of HIV/AIDS-related deaths are due to cryptococcosis, and mean survival times are on the order of a few weeks after onset. Worldwide, treatment with antifungal agents results in ~80% survival, and individual prognoses are strongly influenced by the availability of antifungal drugs and the immune status of the host. Little is known about the processes by which cryptococcal infection occurs, and we recognize a substantial gap in understanding the intersection between fungal pathogens and the host immune response. Studies over the last two decades have begun to define the relationships between C. neoformans yeast and the host immune system, but none has evaluated spores, likely infectious particles in nature. We have recently purified spores to homogeneity in numbers sufficient for comprehensive biochemical, molecular, and virulence studies. Using this novel reagent we have discovered that spores can cause disease in a mouse model and that murine alveolar macrophages, the first line of defense against respiratory fungal pathogens, interact fundamentally differently with spores than with yeast. Our findings place us in a unique position to ask questions about the C. neoformans-mammalian cell interface that have not been possible previously. We will take advantage of this major advance to investigate the fundamental properties of spores and their interactions with alveolar macrophages. Our hypothesis is that alveolar macrophages interact with spores via specific mechanisms that are distinct from those that mediate interactions with yeast. We will test our hypothesis by addressing the following three Aims. 1) Identify the receptors and ligands that mediate interactions between C. neoformans spores and murine alveolar macrophages. 2) Elucidate mechanisms that govern the ability of spores to survive inside macrophages. 3) Investigate the properties of spore-mediated disease using a murine model of infection. Our studies will provide insights fundamental to understanding how C. neoformans is recognized by the innate immune response and how cryptococcal disease is either suppressed in healthy individuals or disseminated in the immunocompromised. Ultimately, our findings promise to inform more general processes by which fungi cause disease, facilitating the discovery of novel prevention and/or treatment strategies.

Public Health Relevance

Fungi, including Cryptococcus, are emerging pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases in humans, particularly people who are immunocompromised. Investigating interactions between Cryptococcus spores and the human immune system promises to provide the information necessary to understand how fungal spores cause disease. This project is relevant to public health and the mission of the NIH because it has the potential to lead to new strategies for preventing and/or treating severe fungal infections among the most vulnerable patients, including those with HIV/AIDS.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI089370-04
Application #
8450919
Study Section
AIDS-associated Opportunistic Infections and Cancer Study Section (AOIC)
Program Officer
Duncan, Rory A
Project Start
2010-05-01
Project End
2015-04-30
Budget Start
2013-05-01
Budget End
2014-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$331,042
Indirect Cost
$98,392
Name
University of Wisconsin Madison
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
161202122
City
Madison
State
WI
Country
United States
Zip Code
53715
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Huang, Mingwei; Hull, Christina M (2017) Sporulation: how to survive on planet Earth (and beyond). Curr Genet 63:831-838
Mead, Matthew E; Hull, Christina M (2016) Transcriptional control of sexual development in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Microbiol 54:339-46
Barkal, Layla J; Walsh, Naomi M; Botts, Michael R et al. (2016) Leveraging a high resolution microfluidic assay reveals insights into pathogenic fungal spore germination. Integr Biol (Camb) 8:603-15
Mead, Matthew E; Stanton, Brynne C; Kruzel, Emilia K et al. (2015) Targets of the Sex Inducer homeodomain proteins are required for fungal development and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 95:804-18
Huang, Mingwei; Hebert, Alexander S; Coon, Joshua J et al. (2015) Protein Composition of Infectious Spores Reveals Novel Sexual Development and Germination Factors in Cryptococcus. PLoS Genet 11:e1005490
Kruzel, Emilia K; Hull, Christina M (2010) Establishing an unusual cell type: how to make a dikaryon. Curr Opin Microbiol 13:706-11
Botts, Michael R; Hull, Christina M (2010) Dueling in the lung: how Cryptococcus spores race the host for survival. Curr Opin Microbiol 13:437-42