A safe and effective human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) vaccine is urgently needed to stem worldwide AIDS pandemic, but still remains elusive. Among all the HIV-1 vaccine modalities developed and tested thus far, nef-deleted live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccines (?nef-LAV) confer the best protection against HIV-1 acquisition in simian immunodeficiency virus/rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 infection; however, its safety concerns preclude its clinical use. We at University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the past years have developed an unnatural amino acid (UAA)-mediated blank codon suppression approach to control HIV-1 protein biosynthesis. Our approach entails the manipulation of essential protein biosynthesis through blank codon (codons that do not encode a natural proteinogenic amino acid, such as nonsense triplet codon and frameshift codon) suppression that is precisely controlled by UAA that is not found in nature. We applied this technology to HIV-1 vaccine research by introducing several sets of blank codons coding for UAA into virus genome to control HIV-1 replication. We successfully demonstrated that we could turn HIV-1 replication on and off in vitro. We hypothesize that our novel strategy to allow live-attenuated HIV-1 to replicate only in the presence of the three artificial regulatory elements that are not found in nature (novel ?nef-LAV) will greatly improve the safety of conventional ?nef-LAV while still maintains its good efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. We therefore propose to test this hypothesis with three specific aims.
Specific Aim 1, to control the replication of novel ?nef-LAV in vitro, of which we will apply and further optimize blank codon suppression strategy and incorporate suppression tRNA-aaRS pair into the HIV-1 genome to control HIV-1 replication by supplementing or withdrawing UAA in mammalian cells in vitro.
Specific Aim 2, to control novel ?nef-LAV replication in vivo, of which we will compare and contrast the in vivo replication capacity and kinetics of the novel ?nef-LAV that has passed multi-cycle replication tests in vitro in the Specific Aim 1 with conventional ?nef-LAV using humanized- BLT mice. The results of the Specific Aim 2 will be used to further optimize the novel ?nef-LAV virus design and development in the Specific Aim 1.
Specific Aim 3, novel ?nef-LAV in vivo protection, of which we will compare the protection rate of novel ?nef-LAV vs. conventional ?nef-LAV against HIV-1 rectal challenge using hu-BLT mice. Since our strategy can greatly improves the safety of ?nef-LAV by providing additional safety locks on HIV-1, it makes the modified ?nef-LAV practical in clinical trial. In addition, the approaches/tools that are developed and further optimized in this research can be applied to the generation of vaccines against other pathogenic viruses or bacteria, and therefore is expected to exert broader impact on vaccine research.

Public Health Relevance

The goal of the research is to apply and further optimize our novel strategy - unnatural amino acid-mediated blank codon suppression - to improve the safety of already effective live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. The successful completion of the project could triumph over a long existing challenge in HIV-1 vaccine research. In addition, the strategy developed in the proposed research can be applicable to the vaccines against other infectious diseases.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI111862-03
Application #
9056982
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1)
Program Officer
Singh, Anjali
Project Start
2014-05-01
Project End
2018-04-30
Budget Start
2016-05-01
Budget End
2017-04-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Nebraska Lincoln
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
555456995
City
Lincoln
State
NE
Country
United States
Zip Code
68583
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Shang, Xin; Wang, Nanxi; Cerny, Ronald et al. (2017) Fluorescent Protein-Based Turn-On Probe through a General Protection-Deprotection Design Strategy. ACS Sens 2:961-966
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