Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an adult onset myopathy with epigenetic changes that most commonly occur as a consequence of reduction in the number of 3.3 kb D4Z4 units arrayed on chromosome 4 to less than 11 units. The contraction-induced epigenetic profile results in transcription of the normally repressed DUX4 retrogene and produces myopathic changes that manifest as muscle weakness when contractions occur on arrays with permissive D4Z4 haplotypes. Five percent of FSHD-affected individuals develop FHSD despite having D4Z4 array lengths greater than the 10 unit threshold so FSHD occurring by this mechanism has been called FSHD2 or contraction-independent FSHD. D4Z4 arrays of individuals with FSHD2 show epigenetic de-repression similar to that seen by the more common mechanism but chromatin changes extend to similar arrays on chromosome 10, and the other chromosome 4 allele suggesting that contraction-independent array-derepression may occur through the activity of genes involved in epigenetic modification of macrosatellite repeats. We performed exome sequencing of FSHD2-affected individuals and their unaffected family members to identify one of these loci. Rare variants present in 61% of FSHD2-affected individuals segregated independently of permissive haplotypes on chromosome 4 and only resulted in FSHD when a permissive haplotype and gene variant were present in the same individual. Consistent with our hypothesis, reduction of protein levels from this gene results in D4Z4 array de-repression and DUX4 expression in normal human myoblasts from unaffected individuals. Here we propose to determine the context and timing of these epigenetic changes at D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats, and assess the effect of genes with similar activities on DUX4 transcription in individuals with either FSHD1 or FSHD2. Using this approach we hope to explain disease phenomena such as non-penetrance, variable expressivity, and asymmetric distributions of muscle weakness as well as identify gene targets for possible pharmacological intervention.

Public Health Relevance

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a debilitating genetic condition manifest by weakness of facial and upper extremity musculature that presents in the 2nd decade of life. There is no known treatment for this condition and its symptoms can be disfiguring, debilitating, and can shorten the life of affected individuals. This research proposal describes three scientific aims designed to understand genetic modifiers of disease severity and potentially identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AR064197-03
Application #
9041541
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Cheever, Thomas
Project Start
2014-05-01
Project End
2019-03-31
Budget Start
2016-04-01
Budget End
2017-03-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Washington
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
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Haynes, Premi; Kernan, Kelly; Zhou, Suk-Lin et al. (2017) Expression patterns of FSHD-causing DUX4 and myogenic transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7 are spatially distinct in differentiating human stem cell cultures. Skelet Muscle 7:13
Caron, Leslie; Kher, Devaki; Lee, Kian Leong et al. (2016) A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy-Affected Skeletal Muscles. Stem Cells Transl Med 5:1145-61
Petek, Lisa M; Rickard, Amanda M; Budech, Christopher et al. (2016) A cross sectional study of two independent cohorts identifies serum biomarkers for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Neuromuscul Disord 26:405-13
Lemmers, Richard J L F; Goeman, Jelle J; van der Vliet, Patrick J et al. (2015) Inter-individual differences in CpG methylation at D4Z4 correlate with clinical variability in FSHD1 and FSHD2. Hum Mol Genet 24:659-69
Rickard, Amanda M; Petek, Lisa M; Miller, Daniel G (2015) Endogenous DUX4 expression in FSHD myotubes is sufficient to cause cell death and disrupts RNA splicing and cell migration pathways. Hum Mol Genet 24:5901-14