Positional cloning of mouse coat color mutations has provided a foundation for identifying and understanding paracrine signaling pathways that play fundamental roles in biology and disease. The phenomenon known as pigment-type switching-whereby hair follicle melanocytes switch between the production of red/yellow pheomelanin vs. black/brown eumelanin-has been especially informative for pathways used by the neuroendocrine, adrenal, exocrine, and pigmentary systems because of the central role played by the Melanocortin 1 receptor. Large-scale efforts in chemical mutagenesis and reverse genetics are gradually saturating the potential of the laboratory mouse as a tool for gene discovery, but advances in genomic technology have extended the reach of forward genetics beyond traditional model organisms. Although the pathways are evolutionarily conserved, the sensitivity of color variation as a phenotypic readout coupled with the opportunity to observe and select for unusual mutations in companion and domestic animals provides additional opportunities. The current proposal focuses on two classical coat color mutations in non-model organisms, Orange in the domestic cat and Sex-linked yellow (Sly) in the Syrian hamster; these are especially interesting because they are X-linked, yet mimic a loss-of-function mutation in the autosomal Melanocortin 1 Receptor (Mc1r). Our preliminary studies have identified a candidate mutation and mechanism for Orange, and a genetic map position and positional cloning strategy for Sly. Additional knowledge about the genetics and biology of melanocortin signaling will come from: (1) Experimental genetic studies in cultured cells and in transgenic animals to experimentally confirm and explore the molecular pathophysiology of Orange; and (2) Molecular identification and characterization of the hamster Sly mutation.

Public Health Relevance

Improvements in human health depend on understanding the signals that cells use to communicate with one another in the context of an entire individual; these signals are frequently disturbed in human diseases. We use animal models to discover and understand signals that are important for human health and disease, and that involve a set of hormone pathways that impinge on so-called melanocortin receptors, molecules that are implicated in regulation of body weight, production of cortisol, and skin and hair color. We propose to apply genetics as a tool to uncover new aspects of melanocortin pathways using experiments of nature, or mutations that affect melanocortin signaling, as entry points.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AR067925-03
Application #
9228234
Study Section
Genetics of Health and Disease Study Section (GHD)
Program Officer
Tseng, Hung H
Project Start
2015-04-01
Project End
2020-02-29
Budget Start
2017-03-01
Budget End
2018-02-28
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$292,545
Indirect Cost
$94,545
Name
Hudson-Alpha Institute for Biotechnology
Department
Type
Research Institutes
DUNS #
780007410
City
Huntsville
State
AL
Country
United States
Zip Code
35806
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Imsland, Freyja; McGowan, Kelly; Rubin, Carl-Johan et al. (2016) Regulatory mutations in TBX3 disrupt asymmetric hair pigmentation that underlies Dun camouflage color in horses. Nat Genet 48:152-8