The HIV-1 transgenic rat, which incorporates a replication-defective HIV-1 genome, develops a number of the immunological and clinical manifestations of human HIV disease, including nervous system involvement. Neurological disease in HIV infection has been associated with damage to nervous system tissue induced by proinflammatory cytokines and other soluble factors that are released by activated mononuclear cells. These effects have been observed to be enhanced in opioid users. Retinoids have been demonstrated to suppress such immune activity, and, in studies of HIV-1 infection, can suppress replication of virus in infected mononuclear cell lines. The cellular effects of vitamin A are mediated by specific binding to retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). We have previously demonstrated that RAR and RXR activation can suppress proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-a) production by human cell lines and that morphine can inhibit RXR-mediated TNF-a suppression. RXR activation also increased mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression. The clinical implications of these observations and the mechanisms that underlie these effects are unclear. Therefore, in this grant we will examine the effects of retinoids using the HIV-1 transgenic rat model.
The aims of this proposal are to (1) To assess the effects of retinoid agonists and antagonists and morphine on proinflammatory responses by mononuclear cells from the HIV-1 transgenic and control rats in vitro;(2) To examine the effects of activation and exposure to retinoid agonists and antagonists and morphine on MOR expression by immune cells from transgenic and control rats;(3) To examine the effects of retinoid agonists and antagonists and morphine on HIV-1 gene expression by immune cells from transgenic and control rats;and (4) To examine the effects of vitamin A deficiency and morphine on the clinical status of HIV-1 transgenic and control rats. These studies will be useful for better understanding the role of retinoid metabolism and opioids in the pathogenesis of HIV infection in general and, more specifically, in the occurrence of nervous system disease in drug users.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA021556-05
Application #
8126468
Study Section
NeuroAIDS and other End-Organ Diseases Study Section (NAED)
Program Officer
Sorensen, Roger
Project Start
2006-09-30
Project End
2013-02-28
Budget Start
2011-03-01
Budget End
2013-02-28
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$279,505
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Maryland Baltimore
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
188435911
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21201