On World AIDS Day, December 1, 2011, the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH) announced a new policy that all HIV seropositives should be offered antiretroviral treatment (ART) regardless of CD4 cell count. The new policy was based primarily on treatment as prevention as a method for not only improving the health of people living with HIV who initiate ART early, but also as a means of reducing transmission of the virus. The NYCDOHMH set an ambitious goal for this new policy: by one year post HIV diagnosis, 80% of new HIV diagnoses will have reached viral suppression. There are over 3,400 new HIV infections occurring annually in NYC; recent data indicate 38% reached durable viral suppression in 2006-07 (i.e., all viral loads 400 copies/mL). The policy goal is ambitious, but if it were to be achieved, it would almost certainly lead to an AIDS-free generation - the central theme of the 2012 International AIDS Conference - in the city with the largest local HIV epidemic in the US. There are serious difficulties in achieving this policy goal, notably the persistent racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection in the city, especially among African-Americans, and drug-related sexual transmission. The overarching purpose of this research is to provide multisystem data to evaluate the implementation of the policy and help determine the most efficient use of available resources for achieving the policy goal. The design and methods are informed by the ecological systems model, while the RE-AIM model guides the overall assessment of the implementation of the new policy. The study aims are: 1) to assess durable viral suppression (i.e., two consecutive viral load tests 400 HIV-1 RNA copies per mL of plasma) within 12 months of diagnosis among a) STD clinic cohort (N = 300) with problem substance use, and b) all new HIV diagnoses in NYC occurring during the project funding period (N=approximately 3,400/year); 2) to assess key indicators along the HIV treatment cascade among the STD clinic cohort as the percentage who (a) link to HIV care; (b) receive a recommendation to initiate ART; (c) initiate ART treatment; and (d) adhere to ART treatment; 3) to assess multisystem predictors of durable viral load suppression and other HIV treatment cascade indicators among the STD clinic cohort and cohort of all new HIV diagnoses in NYC, to include individual (e.g., race/ethnicity, substance use) and geospatial factors (e.g., socioeconomic conditions, social disorder, social cohesion, and spatial access to HIV-related healthcare); 4) to describe and contextualize quantitative outcomes in Aims 1-3 using STD cohort qualitative data; and 5) to describe the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of HIV treatment policies among HIV primary care providers. The endpoint of durable viral suppression increases

Public Health Relevance

as the primary indicator of HIV transmission risk. Data will be used to inform further implementation of the new policy, and in particular, to guide allocation of resources to reach the policy goal. Recommendations will be produced by a Collaborative Board comprised of community stakeholders and clinical researchers. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) has adopted a policy of offering anti- retroviral treatment (ART) to all newly diagnosed HIV seropositive persons, regardless of CD4 count, with a goal of reaching viral suppression in 80% of HIV seropositive persons within 12 months of diagnosis. If this ambitious policy goal can be achieved, it would be a major step towards an 'AIDS-free generation' in the US city with the largest AIDS epidemic. The proposed research will evaluate the implementation of this policy, conducted in partnership with the DOHMH, and with recommendations for improvements informed through continuous feedback from a community collaborative board.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DA035707-05
Application #
9036976
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZDA1-GXM-A (17)S)
Program Officer
Kahana, Shoshana Y
Project Start
2013-07-01
Project End
2018-03-31
Budget Start
2017-04-01
Budget End
2018-03-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$539,455
Indirect Cost
$133,648
Name
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Department
Psychiatry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
078861598
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10029
Des Jarlais, Don C; McKnight, Courtney; Feelemyer, Jonathan et al. (2018) Heterosexual male and female disparities in HIV infection at the end of an epidemic: HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in New York City, 2001-2005 and 2011-2015. Drug Alcohol Depend 185:391-397
Campbell, Aimee N C; Wolff, Margaret; Weaver, Laurel et al. (2018) ""It's Never Just About the HIV:"" HIV Primary Care Providers' Perception of Substance Use in the Era of ""Universal"" Antiretroviral Medication Treatment. AIDS Behav 22:1006-1017
Des Jarlais, Don C; Arasteh, Kamyar; Feelemyer, Jonathan et al. (2017) Decline in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Among Non-Injecting Heroin and Cocaine Users in New York City, 2005 to 2014: Prospects for Avoiding a Resurgence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Sex Transm Dis 44:85-90
Des Jarlais, Don C; Arasteh, Kamyar; McKnight, Courtney et al. (2017) What happened to the HIV epidemic among non-injecting drug users in New York City? Addiction 112:290-298
Des Jarlais, Don C; Arasteh, Kamyar; McKnight, Courtney et al. (2017) Racial/Ethnic Disparities at the End of an HIV Epidemic: Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2011-2015. Am J Public Health 107:1157-1163
Campbell, Aimee N C; Des Jarlais, Don; Hannah, Cooper et al. (2016) Antiretroviral medication treatment for all HIV-infected individuals: a protocol using innovative multilevel methodologies to evaluate New York City's universal ART policy among problem substance users. BMC Health Serv Res 16:341
Des Jarlais, Don C; Arasteh, Kamyar; McKnight, Courtney et al. (2016) Consistent Estimates of Very Low HIV Incidence Among People Who Inject Drugs: New York City, 2005-2014. Am J Public Health 106:503-8
Jarlais, Don C Des; Arasteh, Kamyar; McKnight, Courtney et al. (2016) Providing ART to HIV Seropositive Persons Who Use Drugs: Progress in New York City, Prospects for ""Ending the Epidemic"". AIDS Behav 20:353-62
Jarlais, Don C Des; Arasteh, Kamyar; Feelemyer, Jonathan et al. (2016) From Long-Term Injecting to Long-Term Non-Injecting Heroin and Cocaine Use: The Persistence of Changed Drug Habits. J Subst Abuse Treat 71:48-53