Worldwide nearly 400,000 cases of oral cancer are diagnosed annually. Most are treated with radiotherapy, which saves the life of the patient but results in radiation-induced complications such as xerostomia, severe dentition breakdown and loss of masticatory function. The present understanding of post-radiation dentition breakdown, with radiation-induced xerostomia considered the most significant etiological factor, does not adequately explain the observed post-radiation lesion characteristics with initial enamel loss at loading and flexure sites (cervical/incisal/cuspal). Our recent clinical study data indicate for the first time a direct and independent link between tooth-level radiation dose and the severity of the individual tooth lesion. Thus, future improvements for preventing and treating post-radiation dentition breakdown depend on new knowledge of the underlying mechanism of radiation-induced tooth damage. A mechanism explaining radiation-induced breakdown at the tooth level is currently unknown. A potential explanation could be linked to reports of in vitro radiation-induced changes in the physical properties of enamel and dentin. However, dentition breakdown following radiotherapy tends to start within the first year and become more severe with time. We propose that radiation may cause a direct change in tooth structure, but other factors must also be considered in order to explain the elapsed time between radiotherapy and dentition breakdown. One important contributing factor could be cyclic occlusal loading. We expect that effects of radiotherapy on the structure of teeth become more evident with masticatory function over time. Another mechanistic factor could be radiation-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the dentinal tubules as well as the collagen matrix. MMP activation followed by collagen degradation could contribute to property and structure changes and also partially explain the elapsed time. Our central hypothesis is that radiotherapy could cause direct changes in collagen and mineral structures and possible indirect changes through increased activity of tooth-associated MMPs leading to additional collagen matrix degradation. Cumulatively, these effects could result in property/structure changes of dentin, enamel and the DEJ that would adversely affect the stress distribution pattern under functional loading.
The specific aims will determine whether 1) radiotherapy changes the mechanical properties of dentin, enamel and the DEJ;2) resultant mechanical property differences correlate with chemical composition/structure changes;3) occlusal/functional loading further alters mechanical properties and structure of radiated teeth;4) radiation-induced property/structure changes negatively affect load transfer at the DEJ as predicted by finite element modeling;5) radiotherapy increases activity of tooth-associated enzymes like MMPs leading to additional collagen degradation. The proposed study outcomes should identify mechanism(s) responsible for radiotherapy effects on the dentition and the altered structure/function characteristics of radiated teeth leading to improved preventive and restorative treatments for oral cancer patients post-radiation.

Public Health Relevance

Worldwide nearly 400,000 cases of oral cancer are diagnosed annually. Most are treated with radiotherapy, which saves the life of the patient but results in radiation-induced complications such as xerostomia (dry mouth), severe dentition breakdown and loss of masticatory function. Our recent clinical study data indicate for the first time a direct and independent link between tooth-level radiation dose and the severity of the individual tooth breakdown. Thus, future improvements for preventing and treating post-radiation dentition breakdown depend on new knowledge of the underlying mechanism of radiation-induced damage at the tooth level.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DE021462-03
Application #
8310777
Study Section
Oral, Dental and Craniofacial Sciences Study Section (ODCS)
Program Officer
Wan, Jason
Project Start
2010-09-03
Project End
2015-08-31
Budget Start
2012-09-01
Budget End
2013-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$371,250
Indirect Cost
$123,750
Name
University of Missouri Kansas City
Department
Dentistry
Type
Schools of Dentistry
DUNS #
010989619
City
Kansas City
State
MO
Country
United States
Zip Code
64110
Seyedmahmoud, R; Wang, Y; Thiagarajan, G et al. (2018) Oral cancer radiotherapy affects enamel microhardness and associated indentation pattern morphology. Clin Oral Investig 22:1795-1803
Seyedmahmoud, Rasoul; McGuire, Jacob D; Wang, Yong et al. (2017) The interrelationship of microstructure and hardness of human coronal dentin using reference point indentation technique and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater 33:1069-1074
Thiagarajan, Ganesh; Vizcarra, Bruno; Bodapudi, Venkata et al. (2017) Stress analysis of irradiated human tooth enamel using finite element methods. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 20:1533-1542
Reed, R; Xu, C; Liu, Y et al. (2015) Radiotherapy effect on nano-mechanical properties and chemical composition of enamel and dentine. Arch Oral Biol 60:690-7
McGuire, Jacob D; Walker, Mary P; Dusevich, Vladimir et al. (2014) Enamel organic matrix: potential structural role in enamel and relationship to residual basement membrane constituents at the dentin enamel junction. Connect Tissue Res 55 Suppl 1:33-7
McGuire, J D; Mousa, A A; Zhang, Bo J et al. (2014) Extracts of irradiated mature human tooth crowns contain MMP-20 protein and activity. J Dent 42:626-35
McGuire, Jacob D; Walker, Mary P; Mousa, Ahmad et al. (2014) Type VII collagen is enriched in the enamel organic matrix associated with the dentin-enamel junction of mature human teeth. Bone 63:29-35
McGuire, J D; Gorski, J P; Dusevich, V et al. (2014) Type IV collagen is a novel DEJ biomarker that is reduced by radiotherapy. J Dent Res 93:1028-34
Xu, Changqi; Reed, Rachel; Gorski, Jeffrey P et al. (2012) The Distribution of Carbonate in Enamel and its Correlation with Structure and Mechanical Properties. J Mater Sci 47:8035-8043
Tsao, May N; Rades, Dirk; Wirth, Andrew et al. (2012) Radiotherapeutic and surgical management for newly diagnosed brain metastasis(es): An American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2:210-225

Showing the most recent 10 out of 14 publications