Type 2 diabetes afflicts nearly 26 million Americans and causes a larger economic loss than all cancers combined. It starts as insulin but ultimately the pancreatic ?-cells that make insulin fail, resulting in overt diabetes. Failure is due in par to aggregation of the hormone known as the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP or amylin) into amyloid plaques that occupy up to 80% of the islet space. Surprisingly, the amyloid fibers themselves are less cytotoxic than are oligomers of hIAPP. It is unknown how these oligomers impair ?-cells, but they could interfere with receptor mediated processes or permeabolize the membrane, As a result, there is much interest in understanding the mechanism by which hIAPP aggregates, because the aggregation pathway dictates the structures and populations of these cytotoxic intermediates. However, very little structural information exists about intermediates because standard structural biology tools are difficult to apply to aggregated proteins, let alone kinetically evolving and membrane associated proteins. In the last grant period, we made a technological advance that allowed us to collect 2D IR spectra on-the-fly and thereby monitor the kinetics of hIAPP aggregation. We coupled our spectroscopy with 13C/18O isotope labeling to obtain residue specific structural resolution. In doing so, we made an important discovery the FGAIL region of hIPP forms a parallel ?-sheet intermediate before breaking into the disordered loop of the fiber. This disordering causes a large barrier in the free energy pathway which dictates the kinetics of fiber formation and results in a long lifetime for the intermediate. Our dta suggest that this FGAIL intermediate is the oligomeric species currently being sought to explain hIAPP toxicity. It may also be the key to a theory for why some species contract type 2 diabetes but not others - a theory used to design drugs to treat type 2 diabetes.
Specific Aim 1 will refine the structure of this intermediate and use in vivo assays to test its cytotoxicity.
Specific Aim 2 will test if the IAPP from other species also populates this intermediate. Finally, Specific Aim 3 utilizes the capability of 2D IR spectroscopy for studying membrane peptide structure and kinetics. We will map the structure of hIAPP with residue-level specificity as it aggregates on membrane vesicles to identify possible cytotoxic structures. Elucidating the aggregation pathways of hIAPP will help understand ?-cell failure that ultimately causes overt type 2 diabetes as well as help in the development of hormone replacement therapies. The structures and kinetics that we will obtain will provide a detailed characterization of hIAPP aggregation that is not currently possible with any other technique.

Public Health Relevance

A clear diagnostic of type 2 diabetes are amyloid deposits in the pancreas. Recent research suggests that it is not the deposits themselves that cause Beta-cell failure and the loss of insulin production, but rather their formation. The aim of this proposal is to better understand how the deposits form. That knowledge is critic.al to combat the disease and develop new hormone replacement therapies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK079895-10
Application #
9031099
Study Section
Macromolecular Structure and Function B Study Section (MSFB)
Program Officer
Sechi, Salvatore
Project Start
2008-03-01
Project End
2020-02-29
Budget Start
2016-03-01
Budget End
2017-02-28
Support Year
10
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$369,780
Indirect Cost
$119,780
Name
University of Wisconsin Madison
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
161202122
City
Madison
State
WI
Country
United States
Zip Code
53715
Lomont, Justin P; Rich, Kacie L; Maj, Micha? et al. (2018) Spectroscopic Signature for Stable ?-Amyloid Fibrils versus ?-Sheet-Rich Oligomers. J Phys Chem B 122:144-153
Serrano, Arnaldo L; Lomont, Justin P; Tu, Ling-Hsien et al. (2017) A Free Energy Barrier Caused by the Refolding of an Oligomeric Intermediate Controls the Lag Time of Amyloid Formation by hIAPP. J Am Chem Soc 139:16748-16758
Yano, Yoshiaki; Kondo, Kotaro; Watanabe, Yuta et al. (2017) GXXXG-Mediated Parallel and Antiparallel Dimerization of Transmembrane Helices and Its Inhibition by Cholesterol: Single-Pair FRET and 2D IR Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56:1756-1759
Schneider, Samuel H; Kratochvil, Huong T; Zanni, Martin T et al. (2017) Solvent-Independent Anharmonicity for Carbonyl Oscillators. J Phys Chem B 121:2331-2338
Kratochvil, Huong T; Maj, Micha?; Matulef, Kimberly et al. (2017) Probing the Effects of Gating on the Ion Occupancy of the K+ Channel Selectivity Filter Using Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 139:8837-8845
Ghosh, Ayanjeet; Ostrander, Joshua S; Zanni, Martin T (2017) Watching Proteins Wiggle: Mapping Structures with Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 117:10726-10759
Lomont, Justin P; Ostrander, Joshua S; Ho, Jia-Jung et al. (2017) Not All ?-Sheets Are the Same: Amyloid Infrared Spectra, Transition Dipole Strengths, and Couplings Investigated by 2D IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 121:8935-8945
Ghosh, Ayanjeet; Serrano, Arnaldo L; Oudenhoven, Tracey A et al. (2016) Experimental implementations of 2D IR spectroscopy through a horizontal pulse shaper design and a focal plane array detector. Opt Lett 41:524-7
Zhang, Tianqi O; Grechko, Maksim; Moran, Sean D et al. (2016) Isotope-Labeled Amyloids via Synthesis, Expression, and Chemical Ligation for Use in FTIR, 2D IR, and NMR Studies. Methods Mol Biol 1345:21-41
Abedini, Andisheh; Plesner, Annette; Cao, Ping et al. (2016) Time-resolved studies define the nature of toxic IAPP intermediates, providing insight for anti-amyloidosis therapeutics. Elife 5:

Showing the most recent 10 out of 53 publications