Obesity is a major public health issue. SIM1 is one of six known human genes that when mutated cause severe obesity. SIM1 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor essential for the developmental program of certain regions of the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). SIM1 is also expressed post-developmentally in the PVN, where it may act physiologically to regulate food intake. Sim1 (heterozygous) knockout mice, in which the dosage of Sim1 is reduced by half (haploinsufficiency), eat more food than controls, develop obesity, show increased linear growth, and do not show a normal reduction in the mass of food they consume when challenged with a calorically dense, high fat diet. All of these abnormalities are also seen in mice with mutations that interfere with hypothalamic signaling via the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which is abundantly expressed in neurons within or projecting to the PVN. MC4R mutations are the most common genetic cause of severe, early onset human obesity. Sim1 mice show defective activation of PVN neurons in response to a melanocortin agonist. Key questions remain unanswered regarding how Sim1 haploinsufficiency results in defective Mc4r signaling and how these changes relate to the associated hyperphagia and obesity. Are the metabolic effects of Sim1 haploinsufficiency a consequence of aberrant hypothalamic development, or are they secondary to yet-to-be-characterized post-developmental actions of the transcription factor? Which PVN neurons are responsible for the hyperphagia of Sim1 mice? If the effects of Sim1 on feeding behavior are due to its actions in adults, genes that are transcriptionally regulated by Sim1 become potential targets for therapeutic interventions to reduce hyperphagia and diet-induced obesity.
The aims of this proposal address the mechanism of hyperphagic obesity and impaired Mc4r signaling in Sim1 mice.
The first aim will determine whether PVN neurons in Sim1 mice have normal cell numbers, hindbrain projections, and Mc4r expression.
The second aim tests directly whether Sim1 acts post-developmentally to cause hyperphagic obesity.
The final aim tests whether Sim1 regulates feeding behavior by acting in specific subsets of PVN neurons expressing oxytocin, Trh, or Crh. Completion of these aims will facilitate translating the discovery of SIM1 as a monogenic obesity gene into improvements in prevention and treatment of common obesity and its associated morbidity.

Public Health Relevance

Obesity, sequelae of which include diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, is a major public health challenge. A better understanding of the molecular physiology of energy balance is critical to the development of effective therapeutics for obesity. The proposed project will delineate molecular mechanisms within the brain that regulate food intake.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK079986-05
Application #
8431458
Study Section
Integrative Physiology of Obesity and Diabetes Study Section (IPOD)
Program Officer
Hyde, James F
Project Start
2009-04-20
Project End
2014-03-31
Budget Start
2013-04-01
Budget End
2014-03-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$322,966
Indirect Cost
$117,255
Name
University of Texas Sw Medical Center Dallas
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
800771545
City
Dallas
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
75390
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Tolson, Kristen P; Gemelli, Terry; Meyer, Donna et al. (2014) Inducible neuronal inactivation of Sim1 in adult mice causes hyperphagic obesity. Endocrinology 155:2436-44
Xu, Yong; Jones, Juli E; Lauzon, Danielle A et al. (2010) A serotonin and melanocortin circuit mediates D-fenfluramine anorexia. J Neurosci 30:14630-4
Zinn, Andrew R (2010) Unconventional wisdom about the obesity epidemic. Am J Med Sci 340:481-91
Tolson, Kristen P; Gemelli, Terry; Gautron, Laurent et al. (2010) Postnatal Sim1 deficiency causes hyperphagic obesity and reduced Mc4r and oxytocin expression. J Neurosci 30:3803-12