Little is known about the neurocircuit and neurobiological bases for regulation of feeding and metabolism, and this has greatly limited progress in understanding and treating obesity and feeding disorders. Lack of knowledge in this area is due, in large part, to complexity within brain regions controlling these processes - namely those that lie within and are connected to the hypothalamus. Each anatomic subregion contains many different types of neurons, each controlling unrelated, opposite or unknown functions. While general information exists regarding connectivity between subregions, this provides little mechanistic insight because the functions of the different neurons within each subregion are complex and/or unknown, and the labeled lines connecting specific upstream neurons to specific downstream neurons are also not known. In essence, we lack a wiring diagram for hypothalamic control of behavior and physiology. With recent technological advances, enabled by neuron-specific Cre-expressing mice, it is now possible in a cell-specific fashion to establish connectivity and function. The present proposal utilizes such approaches to delineate the neurocircuitry underlying leptin regulation of energy balance. These studies build upon our recent discovery that the majority of leptin's anti-obesity effects are mediated by leptin receptors on GABAergic neurons.
In Aim 1, we set out to identify the source of leptin-responsive GABAergic input to POMC and AgRP neurons. In preliminary studies, using Cre-dependent monosynaptic rabies mapping and channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, we have determined that, for POMC neurons, leptin-responsive GABAergic input is entirely from local neurons (all within the arcuate), while for AgRP neurons, very strong leptin-responsive GABAergic input comes from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). Given the key functional importance of these DMH afferents to AgRP neurons in controlling hunger (as shown in Aim 2), we are using Single-Neuron RNA-Seq to determine their identity, to detect genes likely to suggest function (such as those involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and transport, neuropeptides and receptors), and to begin a search for possible drug targets.
In Aim 2, we are using optogenetic techniques in awake, behaving mice to determine the role of DMH leptin receptor-expressing GABAergic inputs to AgRP neurons in regulating hunger. In preliminary studies we have discovered that optogenetic activation of these afferents completely blocks hunger, even that caused by fasting. Thus, these neurons are previously unknown potent regulators of hunger. Finally, in Aim 3, we are performing optetrode recordings in awake, behaving mice to determine, in real time, the firing rate of AgRP neurons and their DMH leptin-responsive GABAergic afferents. By using light/ChR2- evoked spiking to identify neurons, these studies address previously inaccessible questions regarding effects of behavioral and physiologic perturbations on in vivo firing rates. In total, these studies should significantly advance our understanding of how leptin, and the circuits it regulates, control eating and energy balance.

Public Health Relevance

Complex neurocircuits in the brain work in concert to regulate feeding behavior and metabolism. In order to intelligently develop anti-obesity therapies, it is first necessary to decipher the 'wiring-diagrams' that underpin these circuits. To accomplish this, our group is using state-of- the-art technologies: 1) neuron-specific gene manipulations to determine function, 2) cre- dependent monosynaptic rabies mapping to elucidate the wiring diagram, 3) optogenetics (light- activated neuron stimulation) to establish function of the wiring diagram, and 4) optogenetic technology to acutely and reversibly control circuit activity in vivo.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK089044-09
Application #
9505879
Study Section
Integrative Physiology of Obesity and Diabetes Study Section (IPOD)
Program Officer
Hyde, James F
Project Start
2010-08-05
Project End
2019-05-31
Budget Start
2018-06-01
Budget End
2019-05-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
071723621
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
Todd, William D; Fenselau, Henning; Wang, Joshua L et al. (2018) A hypothalamic circuit for the circadian control of aggression. Nat Neurosci 21:717-724
Ross, Rachel A; Leon, Silvia; Madara, Joseph C et al. (2018) PACAP neurons in the ventral premammillary nucleus regulate reproductive function in the female mouse. Elife 7:
Mandelblat-Cerf, Yael; Kim, Angela; Burgess, Christian R et al. (2017) Bidirectional Anticipation of Future Osmotic Challenges by Vasopressin Neurons. Neuron 93:57-65
Fenselau, Henning; Campbell, John N; Verstegen, Anne M J et al. (2017) A rapidly acting glutamatergic ARC?PVH satiety circuit postsynaptically regulated by ?-MSH. Nat Neurosci 20:42-51
Cheng, Longzhen; Duan, Bo; Huang, Tianwen et al. (2017) Identification of spinal circuits involved in touch-evoked dynamic mechanical pain. Nat Neurosci 20:804-814
Campbell, John N; Macosko, Evan Z; Fenselau, Henning et al. (2017) A molecular census of arcuate hypothalamus and median eminence cell types. Nat Neurosci 20:484-496
Resch, Jon M; Fenselau, Henning; Madara, Joseph C et al. (2017) Aldosterone-Sensing Neurons in the NTS Exhibit State-Dependent Pacemaker Activity and Drive Sodium Appetite via Synergy with Angiotensin II Signaling. Neuron 96:190-206.e7
Andermann, Mark L; Lowell, Bradford B (2017) Toward a Wiring Diagram Understanding of Appetite Control. Neuron 95:757-778
Livneh, Yoav; Ramesh, Rohan N; Burgess, Christian R et al. (2017) Homeostatic circuits selectively gate food cue responses in insular cortex. Nature 546:611-616
Geerling, Joel C; Kim, Minjee; Mahoney, Carrie E et al. (2016) Genetic identity of thermosensory relay neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310:R41-54

Showing the most recent 10 out of 41 publications