Obesity's high prevalence and costs make it a public health crisis, but current standard of care treatment impedes uptake and depletes resources by taking a one-size-fits-all approach. Guidelines recommend provision of expensive, burdensome treatment components (e.g., counseling, meal replacement) continuously to all consumers regardless of weight loss response. Stepped care that tries less costly evidence-based treatments first, reserving more resource-intensive treatments for suboptimal responders is a logical, equitable population health management strategy. However, stepped care approaches to obesity treatment have not yet incorporated inexpensive, widely available mHealth tools. It is unclear whether conjoint clinical and cost outcomes are better optimized by providing a low cost, low intensity, autonomously controlled mHealth treatment as the initial treatment with risk of nonresponse, or by providing a more costly, traditional obesity treatment with the potential to create a dependency that undermines autonomous motivation. The potential pitfall of beginning with mHealth treatment is that long-term outcome may be poor if nonresponse to initially insufficient treatment allows demoralization to set in. To reduce that risk, we will identify nonresponders earlier than previously has been possible by applying a predictive model derived from our prior mHealth obesity research and will quickly reallocate nonresponders to augmented treatment. We propose to use a novel experimental approach, the SMART (Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial), to randomize 400 overweight/obese adults to one of two first line treatments, either (1) an app alone (APP), or (2) the app plus coaching (APP +C). Those who do not respond to the first line treatment (i.e., evidenced by failure to lose weight) will be e-randomized to one of two subsequent augmentation tactics, either: (1) Modestly Step-Up: add another mHealth component (e.g., text messages), or (2) Vigorously Step-Up: add both a mHealth component (e.g., texts) and a more traditional component (e.g., coaching, meal replacement). Responders will continue with the same first line treatment for 12 weeks. Assessments will occur at 3, 6, and 12 months to determine (1) whether mHealth or traditional obesity treatment (coaching) is the optimal first line treatment for overweight/obese adults; and (2) whether the optimal response to weight loss failure is to modestly or vigorously augment the first line treatment. As the first stepped care trial to integrate mHealth tools and implement our predictive model of weight loss failure, SMART will be the most temporally and resource efficient strategy evaluated to date.

Public Health Relevance

Stepped care that tries less expensive treatments first could reduce the burden and costs associated with managing overweight/obesity, but low cost mHealth tools such as smartphone applications and text messaging have not been tested as first line treatments in obesity stepped care. Using a novel experimental approach, the SMART weight loss study will compare whether mHealth or coaching is the optimal first line of treatment for overweight/obese adults and will examine the best tactic to enhance weight loss among those who do not initially respond to treatment.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01DK108678-01A1
Application #
9126830
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Hunter, Christine
Project Start
2016-03-01
Project End
2021-02-28
Budget Start
2016-03-01
Budget End
2017-02-28
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Northwestern University at Chicago
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
005436803
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60611
Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Smith, Shawna N; Spring, Bonnie J et al. (2018) Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) in Mobile Health: Key Components and Design Principles for Ongoing Health Behavior Support. Ann Behav Med 52:446-462
Almirall, Daniel; Kasari, Connie; McCaffrey, Daniel F et al. (2018) Developing Optimized Adaptive Interventions in Education. J Res Educ Eff 11:27-34
Welch, Whitney A; Spring, Bonnie; Phillips, Siobhan M et al. (2018) Moderating Effects of Weather-Related Factors on a Physical Activity Intervention. Am J Prev Med 54:e83-e89
Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Ertefaie, Ashkan; Lu, Xi Lucy et al. (2017) A SMART data analysis method for constructing adaptive treatment strategies for substance use disorders. Addiction 112:901-909