Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among older Americans. Why is the central (especially the parafoveal) region of the human retina so prone to damage? The basic hypothesis of this proposal is that the uniqueness of the macula is to be found not only in its unusual anatomy but also in its biochemistry, particularly in the detailed spatial distributions of protective agents. A secondary hypothesis that active biochemical proc~ may be responsible for the specific patterns displayed by retinal antioxidants and by other compounds conferring protection. The long-term goal is to increase our understanding of macular biochemistry and how it relates to macular degeneration. Focus will be placed on micronutrients, because of the possibility or preventive dietary intervention.
Specific Aims are to answer the following questions: l) What is the mechanism by which the macular-pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, shown to be protective against AMD, are selectively accumulated in the foveal region of the primate (and human) retina? We hypothesize that specific macular pigment-binding proteins in the macula are responsible for this accretion. These will be identified and isolated through tracking endogenous ligands by their characteristic, visible, carotenoid spectra. Physical and ligand-binding properties will be measured. Determination of partial amino-acid sequences will allow comparison to carotenoid-binding proteins of other organisms, and also to foveal cDNA libraries. 2) What is the mechanism by which meso-zeaxanthin comes to be in the human fovea as part Or the macular pigment? It is not in the blood. We hypothesize that there are specific converting enzymes in the macula that change lutein into this stereoisomer. If so, what are their substrate specificities, localizations, and mechanisms of action? 3) Vitamin E, a potent membrane antioxidant, displays a dramatic dip in concentration in the monkey neural retina, at the radial position of the foveal crest, just outside the fovea. Does a similar minimum exist in a map Or vitamin E in the human retina? The importance Or such a biochemical vulnerability lies in the observation that its position would coincide with the initial location of geographic atrophy -- the common, """"""""dry"""""""" form Or sight-threatening AMD. 4) Do other antioxidants, present in membranes and in soluble compartments Or the primate and human retina, compensate for (or perhaps exacerbate) the deficiency of vitamin E at the foveal crest? Previous studies have lacked the spatial resolution for a detailed antioxidant map. The radial distributions of vitamin C, glutathione, ubiquinols, and bilirubin will be examined. The methodology for these projects is that of analytical biochemistry, chiefly HPLC separations and analyses. In addition, Aim 1 will require collaborations for molecular-biology techniques, and Aim 2 involves short- term tissue culture.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY004368-15
Application #
2391664
Study Section
Visual Sciences C Study Section (VISC)
Project Start
1982-09-01
Project End
2000-03-31
Budget Start
1997-04-01
Budget End
1998-03-31
Support Year
15
Fiscal Year
1997
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Schepens Eye Research Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02114
Crabtree, D V; Ojima, I; Geng, X et al. (2001) Tubulins in the primate retina: evidence that xanthophylls may be endogenous ligands for the paclitaxel-binding site. Bioorg Med Chem 9:1967-76
Edwards, R B; Adler, A J (2000) IRBP enhances removal of 11- cis -retinaldehyde from isolated RPE membranes. Exp Eye Res 70:235-45
Adler, A J; Edwards, R B (2000) Human interphotoreceptor matrix contains serum albumin and retinol-binding protein. Exp Eye Res 70:227-34
Crabtree, D V; Snodderly, D M; Adler, A J (1997) Retinyl palmitate in macaque retina-retinal pigment epithelium-choroid: distribution and correlation with age and vitamin E. Exp Eye Res 64:455-63
Crabtree, D V; Adler, A J (1997) Is beta-carotene an antioxidant? Med Hypotheses 48:183-7
Crabtree, D V; Adler, A J; Snodderly, D M (1996) Radial distribution of tocopherols in rhesus monkey retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:61-76
Crabtree, D V; Adler, A J; Snodderly, D M (1996) Vitamin E, retinyl palmitate, and protein in rhesus monkey retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:47-60
Edwards, R B; Adler, A J (1994) Exchange of retinol between IRBP and CRBP. Exp Eye Res 59:161-70
Dev, S; Adler, A J; Edwards, R B (1993) Adult rabbit brain synthesizes retinoic acid. Brain Res 632:325-8
Adler, A J; Southwick, R E (1992) Distribution of glucose and lactate in the interphotoreceptor matrix. Ophthalmic Res 24:243-52

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