Our long-term goal is to understand how experience shapes neural mechanisms of visual perception. We previously showed that months of training can improve sensitivity on a visual discrimination task via an increasingly selective readout of the most sensitive neurons in a sensory population. Performance on this and other visual tasks can also depend strongly on the temporal dynamics of visual processing. We propose to study the computational principles and neural mechanisms that govern how these temporal dynamics are shaped by recent experience to optimize perceptual sensitivity in a dynamic environment. We build on a theoretical framework we developed recently that describes optimal information accumulation in dynamic environments. Using the framework as a starting point, we will test two primary hypotheses. First, the temporal dynamics of visual processing reflect learned expectations about the temporal dynamics of the relevant inputs, consistent with the optimal model. Second, this process involves two complementary mechanisms that have long been known to contribute to change detection but whose specific, computational roles in shaping the learned temporal dynamics of visual processing are not yet known: sensory adaptation in visual cortex and the processing of uncertainty in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and related arousal systems. We test these hypotheses using three Specific Aims. First, we will establish roles for sensory adaptation and arousal in optimizing the temporal dynamics of visual motion processing using human psychophysics and computational modeling. Second, we will determine how history-dependent modulation of adaptation dynamics of motion- sensitive neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of extrastriate visual cortex can contribute to the temporal dynamics of visual motion processing in monkeys. Three, we will determine how the representation of expected and unexpected changes in stimulus dynamics represented in the ACC can contribute to the temporal dynamics of visual processing in monkeys, particularly in terms of recognizing change-points that reset evidence accumulation.
Each Aim alone will provide new insights into how sensory adaptation and ACC- mediated computations can affect the temporal dynamics of visual processing. Together, these studies will provide a novel, unified view of how these mechanisms can interact to help optimize how the brain processes dynamic visual input over time.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed work is basic research, designed to provide new insights into how a healthy nervous system learns from recent experience to more effectively process visual information in a dynamic environment. Thus, direct benefits to public health are intended to come in the longer term, as these new insights can be used to design new ways to diagnose and treat disorders of visual perception (i.e., visual agnosias) and learning.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01EY015260-11
Application #
8816185
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (SPC)
Program Officer
Araj, Houmam H
Project Start
2003-12-01
Project End
2018-01-31
Budget Start
2015-02-01
Budget End
2016-01-31
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$400,000
Indirect Cost
$150,000
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Neurosciences
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Kim, Timothy Doyeon; Kabir, Mohammad; Gold, Joshua I (2017) Coupled Decision Processes Update and Maintain Saccadic Priors in a Dynamic Environment. J Neurosci 37:3632-3645
Krishnamurthy, Kamesh; Nassar, Matthew R; Sarode, Shilpa et al. (2017) Arousal-related adjustments of perceptual biases optimize perception in dynamic environments. Nat Hum Behav 1:
Barack, David L; Gold, Joshua I (2016) Temporal trade-offs in psychophysics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 37:121-125
Tsunada, Joji; Liu, Andrew S K; Gold, Joshua I et al. (2016) Causal contribution of primate auditory cortex to auditory perceptual decision-making. Nat Neurosci 19:135-42
Kalwani, Rishi M; Joshi, Siddhartha; Gold, Joshua I (2014) Phasic activation of individual neurons in the locus ceruleus/subceruleus complex of monkeys reflects rewarded decisions to go but not stop. J Neurosci 34:13656-69
Wilson, Robert C; Nassar, Matthew R; Gold, Joshua I (2013) A mixture of delta-rules approximation to bayesian inference in change-point problems. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003150
Nassar, Matthew R; Gold, Joshua I (2013) A healthy fear of the unknown: perspectives on the interpretation of parameter fits from computational models in neuroscience. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003015
Ding, Long; Gold, Joshua I (2013) The basal ganglia's contributions to perceptual decision making. Neuron 79:640-9
Gold, Joshua I; Ding, Long (2013) How mechanisms of perceptual decision-making affect the psychometric function. Prog Neurobiol 103:98-114
Nassar, Matthew R; Rumsey, Katherine M; Wilson, Robert C et al. (2012) Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems. Nat Neurosci 15:1040-6

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