Neural plasticity and perceptual learning are fundamental in the developmental stages of vision, in attaining expertise in specialized perceptual tasks, and in recovery from brain injuries and low- vision disorders. One important process in perceptual learning is the improvement in humans' ability to use task-relevant (signal) information. Although there have been advances in the understanding of the dynamics and algorithms mediating how humans optimize the selection of task relevant visual information, little is known about how eye movement patterns vary with practice and their impact in optimizing perceptual performance. Yet, in real world environments, eye movements are a critical component of active vision as humans explore the visual scene to make perceptual judgments. Understanding perceptual learning in human daily life requires studying the mechanisms mediating the changes in the planning of eye movements with learning and their contributions to optimizing perceptual performance. We hypothesize that two new experimental paradigms with digitally designed visual stimuli, in conjunction with eye position recording, and a newly developed foveated ideal observer and Bayesian learner will help elucidate how humans learn to strategize their eye movements and the contributions of the optimized sampling of the images to improvements in perceptual learning. The proposed work will address the following questions: 1) Do humans use learned information about the statistical properties of the visual stimuli and the requirements of the task at hand to strategize their eye movements to optimize the foveal sampling of the visual scene and perceptual performance?;2) Do humans use knowledge of the varying resolution of their foveated visual system to optimally learn to plan eye movements for a given set of visual stimuli and task?;3) What are the contributions of learning to strategize eye movements to the overall improvements in perceptual performance in ecologically important tasks such as face recognition, object identification and visual search?;4) How do human fixation patterns and performance benefits from strategizing eye movements compare to an optimal foveated observer and learner? The proposed work will improve our understanding of the human neural algorithms mediating the dynamics of adult perceptual learning during active vision for ecologically important tasks. The proposed experimental protocols and theoretical developments will also provide a novel, powerful and flexible framework with which other researchers can study eye movements and learning of humans undergoing visual loss recovery as well as patients with learning disabilities.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed work benefits public health by increasing our understanding of how humans learn to move their eyes to potentially informative regions of the visual scene in important daily tasks such as identifying faces or searching for objects. Thorough understanding of these mechanisms in normal humans will allow identification of learning anomalies in patients recovering from visual-loss or learning disabilities and potentially develop tests to assess treatments.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY015925-07
Application #
8323947
Study Section
Central Visual Processing Study Section (CVP)
Program Officer
Wiggs, Cheri
Project Start
2004-09-01
Project End
2014-08-31
Budget Start
2012-09-01
Budget End
2014-08-31
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$281,126
Indirect Cost
$89,126
Name
University of California Santa Barbara
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
094878394
City
Santa Barbara
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
93106
Or, Charles C-F; Peterson, Matthew F; Eckstein, Miguel P (2015) Initial eye movements during face identification are optimal and similar across cultures. J Vis 15:12
Eckstein, Miguel P; Schoonveld, Wade; Zhang, Sheng et al. (2015) Optimal and human eye movements to clustered low value cues to increase decision rewards during search. Vision Res 113:137-54
Abbey, Craig K; Eckstein, Miguel P (2014) Observer efficiency in free-localization tasks with correlated noise. Front Psychol 5:345
Peterson, Matthew F; Eckstein, Miguel P (2014) Learning optimal eye movements to unusual faces. Vision Res 99:57-68
Kurki, Ilmari; Eckstein, Miguel P (2014) Template changes with perceptual learning are driven by feature informativeness. J Vis 14:
Eckstein, Miguel P; Mack, Stephen C; Liston, Dorion B et al. (2013) Rethinking human visual attention: spatial cueing effects and optimality of decisions by honeybees, monkeys and humans. Vision Res 85:5-19
Peterson, Matthew F; Eckstein, Miguel P (2013) Individual differences in eye movements during face identification reflect observer-specific optimal points of fixation. Psychol Sci 24:1216-25
Peterson, Matthew F; Eckstein, Miguel P (2012) Looking just below the eyes is optimal across face recognition tasks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:E3314-23
Eckstein, Miguel P (2011) Visual search: a retrospective. J Vis 11:
Trenti, Edgardo J; Barraza, José F; Eckstein, Miguel P (2010) Learning motion: human vs. optimal Bayesian learner. Vision Res 50:460-72

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