Neurons receive information through synaptic connections on their dendrites. Dendrites span long distances and branch intricately to contact the appropriate synaptic partners. The size and complex patterns of dendrites pose unique cell biological challenges. Thus, cellular organelles need to traffic far from the soma to maintain dendritic structure and support synaptic function. Mitochondria - the cell's power plants - are found throughout neuronal dendrites. In addition to producing ATP, mitochondria take up Ca2+ and participate in neuronal signaling. The special importance of mitochondria to neurons is highlighted by the fact, that, while all cells contain mitochondria, mutations that affect their trafficking and function manifest specifically as diseases of the nervous system. In particular, these diseases frequently affect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the eye, and cause vision loss. Despite their importance, we know little about how dendritic mitochondria move through neurons, how they target specific regions within dendrites, and how their local function shapes and supports neural development and function. This proposal uses a multidisciplinary approach to address these questions in RGCs in the intact retina. A combination of genetic strategies will be used to simultaneously label RGC dendrites, synapses and mitochondria. Using static high resolution imaging and time-lapse microscopy, the distribution, development and dynamic interaction of these structures will be analyzed. Next, the hypothesis that synaptic activity guides the movements of mitochondria during development and locally controls their function will be tested in transgenic mice in which synaptic input to RGCs is modified in vivo. Bimolecular sensors have been developed and tested to monitor mitochondrial function dynamically in their natural environment using optical approaches. Finally, the specific contribution of mitochondria to dendritic and synaptic development and function will be tested using genetic techniques to selectively interfere with mitochondrial localization or sensitize them to laser-ablation. The consequences of these manipulations for RGC development will be assessed using live imaging and their impact on visual function will be evaluated using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Together, the proposed experiments will not only advance our understanding of the fundamental cell biology underlying retinal circuit development and function, but also provide insight into the mechanisms of a growing number of nervous system disorders - involving eye and brain - that are caused by mutations in mitochondrial genes (e.g. dominant optic atrophy) and/or associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease).

Public Health Relevance

Diseases that perturb the function and distribution of mitochondria - the cell's power plants - in nerve cells can cause vision loss, cognitive decline and motor disorders. We have developed tools and strategies that allow us to directly monitor and manipulate the transport of mitochondria in nerve cells in their natural environment. Using these tools we aim to better understand how mitochondria shape the development and function of nerve cells and provide insight into the mechanisms by which their dysfunction causes diseases of the eye and brain.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY021855-02
Application #
8298970
Study Section
Biology and Diseases of the Posterior Eye Study Section (BDPE)
Program Officer
Greenwell, Thomas
Project Start
2011-08-01
Project End
2016-07-31
Budget Start
2012-08-01
Budget End
2013-07-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$380,000
Indirect Cost
$130,000
Name
Washington University
Department
Ophthalmology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
068552207
City
Saint Louis
State
MO
Country
United States
Zip Code
63130
Tien, Nai-Wen; Kim, Tahnbee; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2016) Target-Specific Glycinergic Transmission from VGluT3-Expressing Amacrine Cells Shapes Suppressive Contrast Responses in the Retina. Cell Rep 15:1369-1375
Faits, Michelle C; Zhang, Chunmeng; Soto, Florentina et al. (2016) Dendritic mitochondria reach stable positions during circuit development. Elife 5:e11583
Tien, Nai-Wen; Pearson, James T; Heller, Charles R et al. (2015) Genetically Identified Suppressed-by-Contrast Retinal Ganglion Cells Reliably Signal Self-Generated Visual Stimuli. J Neurosci 35:10815-20
Soto, Florentina; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2015) Synaptic remodeling of neuronal circuits in early retinal degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 9:395
Kim, Tahnbee; Soto, Florentina; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2015) An excitatory amacrine cell detects object motion and provides feature-selective input to ganglion cells in the mouse retina. Elife 4:
Akrouh, Alejandro; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2015) Morphology and function of three VIP-expressing amacrine cell types in the mouse retina. J Neurophysiol 114:2431-8
Pearson, James T; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2015) Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams. J Neurophysiol 114:540-50
Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2014) Spontaneous Network Activity and Synaptic Development. Neuroscientist 20:272-90
Johnson, Robert E; Kerschensteiner, Daniel (2014) Retrograde plasticity and differential competition of bipolar cell dendrites and axons in the developing retina. Curr Biol 24:2301-6
Rao, Bin; Soto, Florentina; Kerschensteiner, Daniel et al. (2014) Integrated photoacoustic, confocal, and two-photon microscope. J Biomed Opt 19:36002

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