The source of organismal diversity and the link between genotype and phenotype are key questions for understanding evolution. The evolutionary mechanisms that shape phenotypes depend on population size, the complexity of genetic networks underlying traits, and the relative role of genetics versus the environment in shaping traits. In this proposal, we examine the genetic basis of opsin gene expression, which determines visual sensitivities. We choose African cichlid fishes as they have significant variation in visual sensitivity. They also have small population sizes, comparable to humans, and will help identify the types of evolutionary mechanisms that might be important in small populations. African cichlid fishes have seven cone opsin genes, with species differing in which subsets of the genes are expressed. Typically, genes are expressed in three combinations, which we call the short, medium, and long visual palettes. To some degree, the optimal palette depends on the foraging style and the water clarity where species live. For the proposed work, we have made three crosses between species that differ in opsin palette: short x medium, short x long and medium x long. These three crosses will enable us to identify the key transcription factors that shift opsin expression between these genetically determined palettes. In addition, we will study two crosses that differ in whether environmental factors, such as light spectrum, contribute to opsin expression variation. By identifying factors which control both differences between the palettes and environmental plasticity, we can determine whether these two kinds of factors are the same or different. Further, we can use RNAseq from retinal and other transcriptomes to calculate the genetic network controlling opsin expression and see how these two types of factors are distributed in that network. We predict that factors controlling fixed genetic differences will be more central to the network, while factors involved in environmental responses will be more peripheral.

Public Health Relevance

Phenotypes can be determined by both genotypes and environmental input. Understanding how genotypes and the environment influence phenotypes is critical to our ability to unravel the genetic basis of human health traits, such as disease susceptibility. This proposal will focus on the genetic and environmental inputs to gene expression in the fish retina.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY024639-03
Application #
9107910
Study Section
Genetic Variation and Evolution Study Section (GVE)
Program Officer
Neuhold, Lisa
Project Start
2014-08-01
Project End
2019-07-31
Budget Start
2016-08-01
Budget End
2017-07-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Maryland College Park
Department
Biology
Type
Earth Sciences/Resources
DUNS #
790934285
City
College Park
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
20742
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Nandamuri, Sri Pratima; Yourick, Miranda R; Carleton, Karen L (2017) Adult plasticity in African cichlids: Rapid changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light differences. Mol Ecol 26:6036-6052
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Phillips, Genevieve A C; Carleton, Karen L; Marshall, N Justin (2016) Multiple Genetic Mechanisms Contribute to Visual Sensitivity Variation in the Labridae. Mol Biol Evol 33:201-15
Escobar-Camacho, Daniel; Carleton, Karen L (2015) Sensory modalities in cichlid fish behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci 6:115-124

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