The proposed research investigates chromosome organization and function in bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Global whole-chromosome phenomena are examined by 4D time-lapse live cell imaging combined with genetic, molecular and biophysical approaches. These studies are united by the emerging concept that chromosomal events involve alternation of chromosomes between more and less constrained states, as we see in E.coli, yeast and mammalian cells. Elucidation of this fundamental pattern, and of consequences resulting from its perturbation, will provide new perspectives on chromosomal defects that underlie cancer and genetic diseases. E.coli research addresses: (i) the physical basis of bacterial chromosome (nucleoid) shape and state and its role in the mechanism by which bacterial sister chromosomes manage to segregate without a eukaryotic spindle apparatus; (ii) the mechanisms and roles of two dynamic behaviors - short time scale density oscillations and longer time scale extension/shortening cycles mediated by tethers; and (iii) the nature of coordination between chromosomal events and the cell division cycle, in which nucleoid state and dynamic behaviors are directly implicated. This work utilizes: (i) a platform for high throughput 4D (3D time lapse) fluorescence imaging and image analysis, with high spatial and temporal resolution, of the nucleoid, marked loci and protein complexes of interest, in living cells; (ii) genetic and optogenetic manipulations and perturbations; and (iii) whole chromosome numerical simulations of nucleoid organization. Eukaryotic chromosome research analogously examines chromosomes throughout the cell cycle, from the perspective of alternating compaction/expansion cycles. In mammalian cells, detailed studies will further investigate the just-discovered cycle in which individualized chromosome units first appear (at prophase) and progress to a different organizational state (at metaphase), and a subsequent cycle in which they prepare for sister segregation (Pre-anaphase). Of interest are three discovered features: a unique DNA state at prophase; inter-sister structural bridges at metaphase; and an abrupt jumping-apart of sisters at Pre-anaphase. Compaction/expansion events at other cell cycle stages will be analogously analyzed. This research involves high resolution 3D single cell time-lapse (4D) imaging, functional analysis via degron- and chemically-induced perturbations, and analysis of global chromosome dynamics by 4D tracking of fiduciary marks generated by fluorescent nucleotide incorporation. Parallel studies will be carried out in vegetatively growing yeast cells to assess functional requirements for compaction/expansion cycling, as we recently identified in that organism.

Public Health Relevance

Chromosomes, the carriers of our genes, undergo dynamic changes over a wide range of time scales. Our proposed research addresses the fundamental general mechanisms and principles that underlie chromosome dynamics across species, from bacteria to yeast to mammalian cells. The analyzed changes underlie programmed variations in gene expression, faithful transmission of genetic information through each cell cycle and from generation to generation, and the ability of chromosomes to tolerate internal or externally-generated damage. Correspondingly, further elucidation of these variations will be central to understanding, and thus enhancing, human health.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM025326-38
Application #
9418612
Study Section
Molecular Genetics A Study Section (MGA)
Program Officer
Reddy, Michael K
Project Start
1978-07-01
Project End
2020-01-31
Budget Start
2018-02-01
Budget End
2019-01-31
Support Year
38
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Harvard University
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
082359691
City
Cambridge
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
Kleckner, Nancy E; Chatzi, Katerina; White, Martin A et al. (2018) Coordination of Growth, Chromosome Replication/Segregation, and Cell Division in E. coli. Front Microbiol 9:1469
Gutu, Andrian; Chang, Frederick; O'Shea, Erin K (2018) Dynamical localization of a thylakoid membrane binding protein is required for acquisition of photosynthetic competency. Mol Microbiol 108:16-31
Liu, Chenli; Danilowicz, Claudia; Kleckner, Nancy et al. (2017) Single molecule identification of homology-dependent interactions between long ssRNA and dsDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 45:894-901
Gladyshev, Eugene; Kleckner, Nancy (2017) Recombination-independent recognition of DNA homology for repeat-induced point mutation. Curr Genet 63:389-400
Yoon, Sang-Wook; Lee, Min-Su; Xaver, Martin et al. (2016) Meiotic prophase roles of Rec8 in crossover recombination and chromosome structure. Nucleic Acids Res 44:9296-9314
Zheng, Hai; Ho, Po-Yi; Jiang, Meiling et al. (2016) Interrogating the Escherichia coli cell cycle by cell dimension perturbations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:15000-15005
Kleckner, Nancy (2016) Questions and Assays. Genetics 204:1343-1349
Gladyshev, Eugene; Kleckner, Nancy (2016) Recombination-Independent Recognition of DNA Homology for Repeat-Induced Point Mutation (RIP) Is Modulated by the Underlying Nucleotide Sequence. PLoS Genet 12:e1006015
Yang, Darren; Boyer, Benjamin; Prévost, Chantal et al. (2015) Integrating multi-scale data on homologous recombination into a new recognition mechanism based on simulations of the RecA-ssDNA/dsDNA structure. Nucleic Acids Res 43:10251-63
Peacock-Villada, Alexandra; Coljee, Vincent; Danilowicz, Claudia et al. (2015) ssDNA Pairing Accuracy Increases When Abasic Sites Divide Nucleotides into Small Groups. PLoS One 10:e0130875

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