The folding of RNA molecules into specific tertiary structures is important for many cellular processes relating to gene expression: the protein synthesis machinery depends on intricate transfer and ribosomal RNA structures, processing of messenger and other RNAs requires specific structures, and the regulation of transcription and translation depend on the ability of RNA sequences to adopt specific structures in response to protein or metabolite signals. The chemical nature of RNA limits its structural possibilities;the negative charge causes sensitivity to the types and concentrations of ions present, and the high degree of hydration induces sensitivity to neutral solution components (osmolytes). The long term goals of the proposed studies are to investigate all the naturally-occurring solution factors that might influence RNA stability and identify the different strategies an RNA might use to accomplish a specific function in vivo. Specific questions will be investigated in each of three general areas: At a fundamental level, we will pursue our finding that some osmolytes stabilize RNA structures by affecting the hydration of RNA surfaces to obtain a more detailed picture of RNA hydration changes that accompany tertiary structure formation, and expand our studies of ions to include organic ions of in vivo relevance. Detailed studies will be made of the kinetics and energetics of conformational switches between alternative structures in two different RNAs in which the switch controls gene expression in response to changes in intracellular levels of free Mg2+ or a small metabolite (so-called """"""""riboswitch"""""""" RNAs). These two RNAs use very different strategies to achieve stable tertiary structures, and probably function by different mechanisms as well;the studies are intended as explorations of these contrasting possibilities for functional RNAs. The physical studies of riboswitch RNAs will serve as a springboard for in vivo studies that will aim to elucidate the functional mechanism in the cellular environment, for example, how thermodynamic stability is balanced versus the kinetic rate of folding in determining functional response of RNA to cell signals, the reliance of RNAs on various ions found in vivo, and how changes in ion and osmolyte concentrations made by bacterial cells in response to changing growth conditions affect RNA function. These studies will help elucidate how RNAs function in a cellular environment, with potential applications in devising ways to block key RNA functions or design RNAs with specific regulatory functions. Bacterial pathogens are particularly reliant on riboswitch RNAs to survive in different environments inside and outside the human body, and are thus candidates for RNA-targeted therapeutics.

Public Health Relevance

RNA molecules regulate cell processes in a variety of ways, and are also targets for natural antibiotics. Understanding the different ways RNAs carry out their functions could aid in the selection of drug targets and the design of new drugs.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM058545-15
Application #
8606857
Study Section
Macromolecular Structure and Function B Study Section (MSFB)
Program Officer
Preusch, Peter C
Project Start
1999-02-01
Project End
2014-08-31
Budget Start
2014-02-01
Budget End
2014-08-31
Support Year
15
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$5,950
Indirect Cost
$2,278
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21218
Draper, David E (2013) Folding of RNA tertiary structure: Linkages between backbone phosphates, ions, and water. Biopolymers 99:1105-13
Li, Biao; Kimmel, Marek (2013) Factors influencing ascertainment bias of microsatellite allele sizes: impact on estimates of mutation rates. Genetics 195:563-72
Trachman 3rd, Robert J; Draper, David E (2013) Comparison of interactions of diamine and Mg²? with RNA tertiary structures: similar versus differential effects on the stabilities of diverse RNA folds. Biochemistry 52:5911-9
Lambert, Dominic; Draper, David E (2012) Denaturation of RNA secondary and tertiary structure by urea: simple unfolded state models and free energy parameters account for measured m-values. Biochemistry 51:9014-26
Leipply, Desirae; Draper, David E (2011) Evidence for a thermodynamically distinct Mg2+ ion associated with formation of an RNA tertiary structure. J Am Chem Soc 133:13397-405
Leipply, Desirae; Draper, David E (2011) Effects of Mg2+ on the free energy landscape for folding a purine riboswitch RNA. Biochemistry 50:2790-9
Lambert, Dominic; Leipply, Desirae; Draper, David E (2010) The osmolyte TMAO stabilizes native RNA tertiary structures in the absence of Mg2+: evidence for a large barrier to folding from phosphate dehydration. J Mol Biol 404:138-57
Leipply, Desirae; Draper, David E (2010) Dependence of RNA tertiary structural stability on Mg2+ concentration: interpretation of the Hill equation and coefficient. Biochemistry 49:1843-53
Lambert, Dominic; Leipply, Desirae; Shiman, Ross et al. (2009) The influence of monovalent cation size on the stability of RNA tertiary structures. J Mol Biol 390:791-804
Grilley, Dan; Soto, Ana Maria; Draper, David E (2009) Direct quantitation of Mg2+-RNA interactions by use of a fluorescent dye. Methods Enzymol 455:71-94

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