Telomeres, the DNA-protein complexes at the ends of chromosomes, serve apparently opposing functions: telomeres provide protective chromosome caps that ensure genome stability, yet telomeric DNA must also be accessible to interact with the chromosome end-replicating enzyme, telomerase. Recent work indicates that the human telomeric protein TPP1, which forms a heterodimer with POT1 and binds the single- stranded DNA extensions at the very ends of chromosomes, not only contributes to chromosome capping but also helps recruit telomerase and stimulates its processivity - the ability to add multiple telomeric DNA repeats after primer binding. The broad goal of the proposed research is to understand the molecular interactions responsible for telomerase activation by POT1-TPP1 and how much they contribute to telomere maintenance in vivo. Recently discovered separation-of-function mutants of TPP1, which retain full ability to form the POT1-TPP1-DNA complex but are defective in stimulating telomerase processivity, enable these experiments.
Specific Aim 1 tests the hypothesis that a specific surface of TPP1 mediates telomerase processivity and determines whether the same surface is involved in telomerase recruitment in vitro. The approaches include direct assays of telomerase activity with the primer bound to POT1-TPP1 and separation-of-function mutants, and pull-down assays to assess binding.
Specific Aim 2 addresses the interacting elements of the other partner, the telomerase itself. Exploiting sequence differences between the mouse and human telomerase RNAs, site-specific mutagenesis and activity assays will be used to identify RNA elements that contribute to POT1-TPP1 interaction. In addition, G100 on the surface of TERT is necessary for functional interaction with POT1-TPP1, and additional amino acid determinants will be identified.
Specific Aim 3 addresses a key question: how much does the enhancement of telomerase activity by POT1-TPP1 seen in enzyme assays in vitro contribute to telomere maintenance in vivo? The separation- of-function TPP1 mutants will be integrated at single copy into an expression locus in a special HeLa cell line, the endogenous TPP1 will be knocked down using short hairpin RNAs, and telomere length, telomerase recruitment, and chromosome capping will be assessed.
Specific Aim 4 addresses nonsynonymous SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of the hTERT gene that have been reported to be associated with diseases including dyskeratosis congenita, aplastic anemia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer. The mutant TERTs will be assembled with telomerase RNA in human cells, immunopurified, and tested for defects in POT1-TPP1 stimulation of telomerase activity, which has the potential to reveal new disease mechanisms. The long-term goals of this work are to understand the mechanisms by which human telomeric DNA-binding proteins contribute to telomerase recruitment and telomeric repeat synthesis and to assess how mutations that perturb these processes contribute to human disease.

Public Health Relevance

Telomeres are complexes of DNA and protein that cap off the ends of human chromosomes, ensuring their stability. They also regulate telomerase, a molecular machine that is necessary for complete replication of telomeric DNA and is involved in both cancer and diseases of premature aging. This project will reveal new mechanisms by which the telomere-bound structural proteins regulate human telomerase.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM099705-04
Application #
8788935
Study Section
Molecular Genetics A Study Section (MGA)
Program Officer
Willis, Kristine Amalee
Project Start
2012-05-01
Project End
2016-01-31
Budget Start
2015-02-01
Budget End
2016-01-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$131,611
Indirect Cost
$31,611
Name
University of Colorado at Boulder
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
007431505
City
Boulder
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80303
Schmidt, Jens C; Zaug, Arthur J; Kufer, Regina et al. (2018) Dynamics of human telomerase recruitment depend on template- telomere base pairing. Mol Biol Cell :
Stern, Josh Lewis; Paucek, Richard D; Huang, Franklin W et al. (2017) Allele-Specific DNA Methylation and Its Interplay with Repressive Histone Marks at Promoter-Mutant TERT Genes. Cell Rep 21:3700-3707
Lim, Ci Ji; Zaug, Arthur J; Kim, Hee Jin et al. (2017) Reconstitution of human shelterin complexes reveals unexpected stoichiometry and dual pathways to enhance telomerase processivity. Nat Commun 8:1075
Long, Yicheng; Wang, Xueyin; Youmans, Daniel T et al. (2017) How do lncRNAs regulate transcription? Sci Adv 3:eaao2110
Schmidt, Jens C; Zaug, Arthur J; Cech, Thomas R (2016) Live Cell Imaging Reveals the Dynamics of Telomerase Recruitment to Telomeres. Cell 166:1188-1197.e9
Shukla, Siddharth; Schmidt, Jens C; Goldfarb, Katherine C et al. (2016) Inhibition of telomerase RNA decay rescues telomerase deficiency caused by dyskerin or PARN defects. Nat Struct Mol Biol 23:286-92
Stern, Josh Lewis; Theodorescu, Dan; Vogelstein, Bert et al. (2015) Mutation of the TERT promoter, switch to active chromatin, and monoallelic TERT expression in multiple cancers. Genes Dev 29:2219-24
Dalby, Andrew B; Hofr, Ctirad; Cech, Thomas R (2015) Contributions of the TEL-patch amino acid cluster on TPP1 to telomeric DNA synthesis by human telomerase. J Mol Biol 427:1291-1303
Xi, Linghe; Schmidt, Jens C; Zaug, Arthur J et al. (2015) A novel two-step genome editing strategy with CRISPR-Cas9 provides new insights into telomerase action and TERT gene expression. Genome Biol 16:231
Borah, Sumit; Xi, Linghe; Zaug, Arthur J et al. (2015) Cancer. TERT promoter mutations and telomerase reactivation in urothelial cancer. Science 347:1006-10

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