Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase activity are routinely used for therapeutic purposes, yet no inhibitor of the protein's ribonuclease H (RNH) activity is available for clinical application. Information on how RNH inhibitors (RNHI) interact with RT, at an atomic level, is scarce, and this may contribute to the difficulty in targeting the ribonuclease for therapeutic purposes. Only recently were crystal structures of RNH active-site inhibitors in complex with RT or an RNH fragment published, and structural analysis of non active- site RNHI has not been carried out. Part of the difficulty in understanding the atomic mechanisms of RNH inhibition relates to the conformational flexibility of RNH: the RNH domain is known to have relatively large flexible regions that are important for substrate recognition and the enzymatic reaction. Yet, how this flexibility influences inhibitor binding, and vice versa, has not been studied in a systematic manner. The goal of the proposed research is to investigate RNHI interactions with an RNH fragment and with full-length RT, at an atomic level, in solution. For this purpose, solution NMR spectroscopy, in concert with biochemical and virological studies, will be carried out on RNH, using RNHIs as probes to detect conformational changes. The proposed research will provide insight into RNH domain conformational changes upon RNHI interaction, knowledge of where RNHIs interact with RNH in solution, and an understanding of how RNHI binding pockets become conformationally stable. Such information will be useful for determining whether RNH is a feasible target for drug development. We will complete the following specific aims: (1) Characterize RNH conformational changes upon interaction with active-site RNHIs in solution, (2) Identify the structural mechanism of allosteric inhibition and the allosteric RNHI interaction site on RNH, (3) Examine the interactions of RNHIs with full-length RT in solution, and (4) Validate the structural findings using site-specific mutagenesis coupled with in vitro and in vivo assays.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research aims to investigate interactions of HIV-1 ribonuclease H (RNH) inhibitors with full- length reverse transcriptase (RT) and the RNH fragment in solution. Although inhibitors of HIV polymerase activity of RT are routinely used for therapeutic purposes, no inhibitor of the RNH activity of RT is available for clinical application. Thus, the research will contribute to anti-AIDS drug development.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM105401-03
Application #
8916795
Study Section
AIDS Molecular and Cellular Biology Study Section (AMCB)
Program Officer
Sakalian, Michael
Project Start
2013-09-30
Project End
2017-08-31
Budget Start
2015-09-01
Budget End
2016-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$293,322
Indirect Cost
$93,223
Name
University of Pittsburgh
Department
Anatomy/Cell Biology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
004514360
City
Pittsburgh
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
15213
Ilina, Tatiana V; Slack, Ryan L; Elder, John H et al. (2018) Effect of tRNA on the Maturation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. J Mol Biol 430:1891-1900
Kirby, Karen A; Myshakina, Nataliya A; Christen, Martin T et al. (2017) A 2-Hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-Dione Active-Site RNase H Inhibitor Binds in Multiple Modes to HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:
Karki, Ichhuk; Christen, Martin T; Spiriti, Justin et al. (2016) Entire-Dataset Analysis of NMR Fast-Exchange Titration Spectra: A Mg2+ Titration Analysis for HIV-1 Ribonuclease H Domain. J Phys Chem B 120:12420-12431
Ishima, Rieko (2015) Protein-Inhibitor Interaction Studies Using NMR. Appl NMR Spectrosc 1:143-181
Ishima, Rieko (2015) Effects of radiation damping for biomolecular NMR experiments in solution: a hemisphere concept for water suppression. Concepts Magn Reson Part A Bridg Educ Res 44A:252-262
Sharaf, Naima G; Poliner, Eric; Slack, Ryan L et al. (2014) The p66 immature precursor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Proteins 82:2343-52