To date, the genetic analysis of extinct archaic hominins has required the isolation and sequencing of ancient DNA obtained from fossilized remains, which is technologically challenging and limited by the number of available specimens. However, the recent discovery that gene flow occurred between archaic groups, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, and anatomically modern humans suggests a fossil free approach for the sequencing of archaic genomes. To this end, the goals of the proposed project are to develop an innovative new paradigm for the genetic analysis of archaic human ancestors, whose DNA lives on in the genomes of modern humans.
In Aim 1, we will develop novel and computationally efficient methods for identifying introgressed DNA sequences. These methods will not depend on the availability of an archaic reference sequence and will therefore facilitate the discovery of previously unknown archaic hominins, if such groups exchanged genes with modern humans. We will rigorously evaluate the power and false discovery rates of newly developed statistics through extensive coalescent simulations under a wide variety of demographic models and admixture scenarios.
In Aim 2, we will leverage our access to several large-scale sequencing projects and apply these novel methods to whole-genome and exome sequences collected in over 11,000 geographically diverse individuals. We will also develop methods to comprehensively analyze the population genetics characteristics of the reconstructed archaic metagenomes and to test hypotheses such as the fitness effects of hybridization, sex-biased patterns of gene flow, and whether introgressed sequences have been subject to positive selection. The successful completion of the proposed project will extend our understanding of admixture events between archaic and modern humans, provide insight into how introgression has shaped extant patterns of human genomic diversity, and may facilitate the molecular discovery and characterization of previously unknown archaic groups that have contributed to the modern gene pool. Overall, we anticipate that fossil free sequencing of archaic genomes will be a significant advancement for the burgeoning field of paleogenomics, allowing genetic analyses that have heretofore not been possible.

Public Health Relevance

Understanding patterns of human genetic variation is critically important for the design, analysis, and interpretation of disease mapping studies. This project will develop a new paradigm to identify and study DNA sequences in humans that have been inherited from archaic ancestors, such as Neanderthals. These data will provide new insights into human history, characteristics of extinct archaic humans that we exchanged genes with, and the spectrum of human genomic diversity.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM110068-02
Application #
8874235
Study Section
Genomics, Computational Biology and Technology Study Section (GCAT)
Program Officer
Janes, Daniel E
Project Start
2014-07-01
Project End
2018-03-31
Budget Start
2015-04-01
Budget End
2016-03-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$279,389
Indirect Cost
$89,389
Name
University of Washington
Department
Genetics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
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Tucci, Serena; Vohr, Samuel H; McCoy, Rajiv C et al. (2018) Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia. Science 361:511-516
Nielsen, Rasmus; Akey, Joshua M; Jakobsson, Mattias et al. (2017) Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics. Nature 541:302-310
McCoy, Rajiv C; Akey, Joshua M (2017) Selection plays the hand it was dealt: evidence that human adaptation commonly targets standing genetic variation. Genome Biol 18:139
Jain, Deepti; Hodonsky, Chani J; Schick, Ursula M et al. (2017) Genome-wide association of white blood cell counts in Hispanic/Latino Americans: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Hum Mol Genet 26:1193-1204
McCoy, Rajiv C; Wakefield, Jon; Akey, Joshua M (2017) Impacts of Neanderthal-Introgressed Sequences on the Landscape of Human Gene Expression. Cell 168:916-927.e12
Gittelman, Rachel M; Schraiber, Joshua G; Vernot, Benjamin et al. (2016) Archaic Hominin Admixture Facilitated Adaptation to Out-of-Africa Environments. Curr Biol 26:3375-3382
Simonti, Corinne N; Vernot, Benjamin; Bastarache, Lisa et al. (2016) The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals. Science 351:737-41
Schick, Ursula M; Jain, Deepti; Hodonsky, Chani J et al. (2016) Genome-wide Association Study of Platelet Count Identifies Ancestry-Specific Loci in Hispanic/Latino Americans. Am J Hum Genet 98:229-42
Vernot, Benjamin; Tucci, Serena; Kelso, Janet et al. (2016) Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science 352:235-9

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