Data from the Centers for Disease Control indicates that over 4-million adult drivers and passengers are treated in US emergency medicine departments annually for whiplash as the result of a motor-vehicle accident. While it is expected that many (>50%) will recover within the first 2-3 months post injury, some (25%) will never fully recover. Estimated costs for medical and rehabilitative care for the 25% patients with poor functional recovery are ~$100 Billion annually and no treatments have shown to positively influence their outcomes. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of whiplash cases, structural damage on objective imaging is rarely present. Currently, the prevailing opinion is that poor functional recovery is largely influenced by social, psychological and behavioral factors and not biological. While this may be the case in some, our pilot data and previous work has, as a first, demonstrated the rapid and early expression of muscle fatty infiltrates on MRI, signs of disturbed descending control, and muscle weakness in the 25% of individuals with whiplash associated disorders (WAD) with poor functional recovery. The 75% of individuals that recover spontaneously following a whiplash do not manifest such signs and symptoms, suggesting a more severe injury with a biological etiology, in the chronic group. These complex signs and symptoms bear striking similarities to non-WAD patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI);raising the possibility that chronic WAD is an expression of an initial mild injury to the spinal cord. Both groups present with a paralleled expression of muscle fatty infiltrates, signs of disturbed descending control, psychological distress, and muscle weakness. As such, the goal of this proposal is to test our central hypothesis that chronic WAD is an expression of a mild iSCI. We propose to combine biomechanical, electrophysiological and radiological measures to demonstrate that losses in spinal neural substrate, increased fatty infiltrates in select neck and lower extremity muscles, and the inability to properly activate ankle muscles in patients with chronic WAD is an expression of a mild iSCI. The long-term goals of this research is to improve outcomes in WAD, but before this can be realized, it is crucial we 1) understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying poor functional recovery in the 25% of individuals with a seemingly more complex injury and 2) consider and integrate the bio-psycho-social drivers of the clinical course on a patient-by-patient basis. This new knowledge will set the stage for future studies investigating more objective and integrated assessments as well as the development of targeted science-based interventions for a cohort that does not respond well to current intervention strategies.

Public Health Relevance

Motor vehicle-related injuries resulting in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) send more than 4 million people to hospital emergency departments every year in the United States with associated healthcare costs estimated to be a staggering $100 billion. Current treatments consisting of medications, physical therapy, education, and assurance are helpful to the vast majority of individuals with whiplash, but do not, for unknown reasons, work for all patients. Therefore, there is a vital need to develop more clinically effective assessments, such as the one studied in this project, for accurately identifying, and treating, those at risk of developing chronic WAD to reduce the societal and personal burden of this debilitating condition.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01HD079076-01A1
Application #
8762001
Study Section
Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Sciences Study Section (MRS)
Program Officer
Cruz, Theresa
Project Start
2014-09-01
Project End
2019-05-31
Budget Start
2014-09-01
Budget End
2015-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Northwestern University at Chicago
Department
Physical Medicine & Rehab
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60611
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Crawford, Rebecca J; Cornwall, Jon; Abbott, Rebecca et al. (2017) Manually defining regions of interest when quantifying paravertebral muscles fatty infiltration from axial magnetic resonance imaging: a proposed method for the lumbar spine with anatomical cross-reference. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18:25
Smith, A C; Weber, K A; Parrish, T B et al. (2017) Ambulatory function in motor incomplete spinal cord injury: a magnetic resonance imaging study of spinal cord edema and lower extremity muscle morphometry. Spinal Cord 55:672-678
Smith, Andrew C; Jakubowski, Kristen; Wasielewski, Marie et al. (2017) Lower extremity muscle structure in incomplete spinal cord injury: a comparison between ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 3:17004
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Smith, Andrew C; Parrish, Todd B; Hoggarth, Mark A et al. (2015) Potential associations between chronic whiplash and incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 1:
Walton, David M; Elliott, James; Lee, Joshua et al. (2015) Research priorities in the field of post-traumatic pain and disability: Results of a transdisciplinary consensus-generating workshop. Pain Res Manag :