Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and with hypertension accounts for more than two-thirds of risk for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Hypertension in diabetes and obesity, including resistant patients, is remarkably responsive to aldosterone, i.e. mineralocorticoid, receptor (MR) blockade, even if plasma aldosterone is not elevated. A critical barrier to progress is understanding mechanisms for the augmented MR-dependent control of sodium reabsorption in diabetes in the absence of overt hyperaldosteronism. The MR is the main regulator of ENaC-dependent Na+ transport in the distal nephron. ENaC also can be activated by insulin, and insulin has long been hypothesized to be antinatriuretic. However, until our recent studies in dogs there was no direct evidence outside of rodent models for chronic sodium retaining or hypertensive actions of insulin. In fact, all previous chronic dog and human data refuted the insulin hypothesis. Our objective in this renewal is to determine whether insulin+glucose stimulation of sodium reabsorption via ENaC overcomes the critical barrier to progress in understanding mechanisms for the augmented MR-dependent control of sodium reabsorption in diabetes independent of overt hyperaldosteronism. Our central hypothesis is that increased insulin and glucose act cooperatively to increase renal sodium reabsorption via ENaC in uncontrolled Type II diabetes. We predict that this sodium retaining action is a newly-revealed, physiologic mechanism to preserve sodium balance in uncontrolled Type II diabetes, but it is maladaptive and pro-hypertensive in the face of other renal impairments.
Our specific aims are to: 1) Test the hypothesis that the chronic antinatriuretic effect of insulin+glucose in diabetes depends significantly on ENaC., and 2) Test the hypothesis that the sodium retaining action of insulin+glucose in diabetes causes hypertension in the presence of an underlying sodium-retaining shift in kidney function. Thisprojectintegrates work in chronically-instrumented dogs, collecting duct cell culture, patch-clamp of dog cortical collecting duct, and renal immunohistochemistry and Western analysis for ENaC and SGK1. This integrated approach has significant advantages over existing alternatives. When the aims are achieved, scientific knowledge and clinical practice with respect to understanding the mechanisms for chronic regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure by insulin in diabetes will be improved. For example, use of existing treatments, such as ENaC inhibitors and aldosterone receptor blockers, may be modified in obese and diabetic patients. In addition, we are discovering new physiology on the chronic regulation of sodium balance by insulin in diabetes that will underlie and direct investigations for new treatments.
The goal of this project is to understand mechanisms for chronic regulation of sodium balance and blood pressure in diabetes. This is directly relevant to the mission of the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, and blood diseases and enhance the health of individuals. Our central hypothesis is that increased insulin and glucose act cooperatively to increase renal sodium reabsorption via ENaC in uncontrolled Type II diabetes. Our discovery of this interdependent effect of insulin plus glucose is a discovery of new physiology; we predict that this sodium retaining action is a physiologic mechanism to preserve sodium balance in uncontrolled Type II diabetes. In addition, however, it is maladaptive and pro-hypertensive in the face of other impairments in renal sodium excretory capability, thereby possibly contributing to hypertension and accelerated renal injury in patients with chronic diabetes. We have an integrated approach in chronic dogs and in vitro that enables us to test this in ways not possible in rodent models or humans.
| Irsik, Debra L; Blazer-Yost, Bonnie L; Staruschenko, Alexander et al. (2017) The normal increase in insulin after a meal may be required to prevent postprandial renal sodium and volume losses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312:R965-R972 |
| Ilatovskaya, Daria V; Levchenko, Vladislav; Brands, Michael W et al. (2015) Cross-talk between insulin and IGF-1 receptors in the cortical collecting duct principal cells: implication for ENaC-mediated Na+ reabsorption. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 308:F713-9 |
| El-Remessy, Azza B; Franklin, Telina; Ghaley, Nagla et al. (2013) Diabetes-induced superoxide anion and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier: role of the VEGF/uPAR pathway. PLoS One 8:e71868 |
| Manhiani, M Marlina; Duggan, A Daniel; Wilson, Hunter et al. (2012) Chronic intrarenal insulin replacement reverses diabetes mellitus-induced natriuresis and diuresis. Hypertension 59:421-30 |
| Brands, Michael W; Manhiani, M Marlina (2012) Sodium-retaining effect of insulin in diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 303:R1101-9 |
| Manhiani, M Marlina; Cormican, Michael T; Brands, Michael W (2011) Chronic sodium-retaining action of insulin in diabetic dogs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300:F957-65 |
| Banes-Berceli, Amy K L; Al-Azawi, Hind; Proctor, Daniel et al. (2011) Angiotensin II utilizes Janus kinase 2 in hypertension, but not in the physiological control of blood pressure, during low-salt intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1169-76 |
| Brands, Michael W; Banes-Berceli, Amy K L; Inscho, Edward W et al. (2010) Interleukin 6 knockout prevents angiotensin II hypertension: role of renal vasoconstriction and janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Hypertension 56:879-84 |
| Brands, Michael W; Bell, Tracy D; Rodriquez, Nancy A et al. (2009) Chronic glucose infusion causes sustained increases in tubular sodium reabsorption and renal blood flow in dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296:R265-71 |
| Sturgis, LaShon C; Cannon, Joseph G; Schreihofer, Derek A et al. (2009) The role of aldosterone in mediating the dependence of angiotensin hypertension on IL-6. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1742-8 |
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