Though transmission of indigenous African monkey lentiviruses to humans or to Asian macaques has resulted pathogenic consequences for the new host, it is becoming increasingly clear that pathogenic cross- species lentiviral infection is an exceptional occurrence. Recent studies indicate innate cellular restriction factors are key to limiting such infections, and that lentiviral adaptation to a new host requires alterations in accessory gene structure, i.e., viral infectivity factor (Vif). To study this issue, we developed a feline model of cross-species lentiviral transmission that results in productive, yet regressive, avirulent infection, and have determined that such infection attenuates subsequent virulent feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) challenge. Data published during the initial grant cycle demonstrate that innate cellular responses, namely cytokine expression profiles and cytidine deaminase-like (CD) activity resulting in high viral error burden, are more significant for host viral control than adaptive immune responses-which follow rather than precede viral down regulation. Moreover, virulent FIV-C-PG disease attenuation (i.e. protection from CD4+ T cell depletion and modulation of viral set point) in cats infected with avirulent puma lentivirus (PLV-1695), is associated with unique FIV molecular evolution, and maintenance of a proinflammatory cytokine profile vs. cats infected with virulent FIV-C-PG alone-and disease modulation occurs despite disparities in receptor use and target cell distribution between FIV and PLV. Here we propose to advance this unique feline model to address important questions in lentivirus biology: (a) How does host innate activity (defined by CD-like hypermutation and cytokine cell-signaling) relate to attenuation of disease? and (b) What role does Vif play in modulating virulent lentiviral challenge? To answer these questions, we propose: (1) To determine whether previous PLV-1695 infection enhances hypermutation, error burden, and tissue-specific cytidine deaminase activity/cytokine expression after FIV-C-PG challenge;and, (2) To determine whether Vif modulates CD activity and cytokine activation as a mechanism of attenuation. These experiments pose a new paradigm for assessment of protective immunity against HIV/AIDS-namely, that enhancement of early innate immune parameters by exposure to an avirulent, non-adapted lentivirus can provide cross-protective activity against a virulent, host-adapted lentivirus, and as such, these studies are of great public health significance.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL092791-08
Application #
7813920
Study Section
AIDS Immunology and Pathogenesis Study Section (AIP)
Program Officer
Mitchell, Phyllis
Project Start
2002-04-01
Project End
2012-04-30
Budget Start
2010-05-01
Budget End
2011-04-30
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$496,484
Indirect Cost
Name
Colorado State University-Fort Collins
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Veterinary Medicine
DUNS #
785979618
City
Fort Collins
State
CO
Country
United States
Zip Code
80523
Lee, Justin; Malmberg, Jennifer L; Wood, Britta A et al. (2017) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Cross-Species Transmission: Implications for Emergence of New Lentiviral Infections. J Virol 91:
Sprague, Wendy S; Apetrei, Cristian; Avery, Anne C et al. (2015) Large granular lymphocytes are universally increased in human, macaque, and feline lentiviral infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 167:110-21
Liu, Yang; Chiaromonte, Francesca; Ross, Howard et al. (2015) Error correction and statistical analyses for intra-host comparisons of feline immunodeficiency virus diversity from high-throughput sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 16:202
Wood, Britta A; Carver, Scott; Troyer, Ryan M et al. (2013) Domestic cat microsphere immunoassays: detection of antibodies during feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Immunol Methods 396:74-86
Wood, Britta A; Troyer, Ryan M; Terwee, Julie A et al. (2012) Microsphere immunoassay for the detection of cytokines in domestic cat (Felis catus) plasma: elevated IL-12/23 in acute feline immunodeficiency virus infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 145:604-10
Wood, Britta A; O'Halloran, Kevin P; Vandewoude, Sue (2011) Development and validation of a multiplex microsphere-based assay for detection of domestic cat (Felis catus) cytokines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18:387-92
Zheng, Xin; Carver, Scott; Troyer, Ryan M et al. (2011) Prior virus exposure alters the long-term landscape of viral replication during feline lentiviral infection. Viruses 3:1891-908
Sprague, W S; TerWee, J A; VandeWoude, S (2010) Temporal association of large granular lymphocytosis, neutropenia, proviral load, and FasL mRNA in cats with acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 134:115-21
VandeWoude, Sue; Troyer, Jennifer; Poss, Mary (2010) Restrictions to cross-species transmission of lentiviral infection gleaned from studies of FIV. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 134:25-32
Padhi, Abinash; Ross, Howard; Terwee, Julie et al. (2010) Profound differences in virus population genetics correspond to protection from CD4 decline resulting from feline lentivirus coinfection. Viruses 2:2663-80

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