To date, there are no effective therapies that can counteract the damaging effects of cigarette smoke exposure in the lung. In fact, the age-adjusted mortality for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has risen 71% over the past thirty years. To improve this trend more effective strategies of treating the underlying disease mechanisms need to be developed. We have recently published that superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), a lung antioxidant, prevents cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and emphysema formation in mice. Further studies in our laboratory demonstrate that the transgenic expression of human SOD1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) decreases JNK activation and AP-1 signaling within the lungs of mice. Importantly, these events correlate with the antioxidant-mediated increase in protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. This is significant since PP2A is the primary serine threonine protein phosphatase present in all eukaryotic cells. It dephosphorylates and inactivates both JNK and IKK;thus, PP2A is a major regulator of TNF signaling in the lung. PP2A is a heterotrimer enzyme composed of distinct isoforms of a structural subunit (A), a regulatory subunit (B) and a catalytic subunit (C). Post-translational modifications of the C subunit and dynamic exchange of variable B subunits regulate PP2A substrate specificity, activity, and intracellular distribution. PP2A activity is decreased by tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyr307 and disulfide cross-linking of the catalytic (C) subunit of the enzyme which are processes that are affected by reactive oxygen species(4, 5). SOD1 and GPX1 markedly increased protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in the lungs of these mice without altering PP2A expression or protein levels. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that redox balance can alter TNF signaling and smoke-induced lung injury by modifying PP2A activity in the lung. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is the most important reaction for regulating protein function in eukaryotic cells. The intracellular phosphorylation of proteins enables the cell to respond to environmental and nutritional stresses by regulating gene expression, cellular proliferation and cell differentiation. The cell contains a tightly coordinated network of kinases and phosphatases that switch proteins from the phosphorylated to the dephosphorylated state in order to cope with various physiological challenges. While a significant body of research has elucidated the role that protein kinases exert in this process, much less is known about the effects of protein phosphatases. As noted above, PP2A is the major serine-threonine protein phosphatase in all eukaryotic cells. In fact, it accounts for as much as 1% of total cellular protein and for a large fraction of overall cellular phosphatase activity. However, its effects on inflammatory lung diseases such as COPD have not been well studied. This proposal will advance public health by specifically determining how PP2A regulates the TNF signaling pathway which plays a pivotal role in the development of smoke-induced lung injury. This project will achieve these goals by addressing three fundamental questions: 1) Does redox balance affect PP2A activity by modifying the holoenzyme complex? 2) Does modifying PP2A activity alter TNF signaling and affect the development of injurious responses to cigarette smoke exposure in the lung? 3) Does PP2A alter TNF signaling within the lungs of emphysema subjects? It is hoped that the insights gained from these studies will provide a more targeted approach of treating this disease. Importantly, our findings will have important implications for other diseases where TNF signaling and inflammation play a central role.

Public Health Relevance

While a significant body of research has elucidated the role that protein kinases exert in COPD, much less is known about the effects of protein phosphatases. This proposal will advance public health by determining how PP2A, the primary eukaryotic serine/threonine phosphatase, alters the injurious responses to cigarette smoke exposure in the lung.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL098528-05
Application #
8470691
Study Section
Lung Injury, Repair, and Remodeling Study Section (LIRR)
Program Officer
Punturieri, Antonello
Project Start
2010-08-01
Project End
2015-05-31
Budget Start
2013-06-01
Budget End
2014-05-31
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$421,604
Indirect Cost
$160,240
Name
St. Luke's-Roosevelt Institute for Health Sciences
Department
Type
DUNS #
623216371
City
New York
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10019
Foronjy, R F; Ochieng, P O; Salathe, M A et al. (2016) Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B negatively regulates S100A9-mediated lung damage during respiratory syncytial virus exacerbations. Mucosal Immunol 9:1317-29
Foronjy, Robert F; Salathe, Matthias A; Dabo, Abdoulaye J et al. (2016) TLR9 expression is required for the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 311:L154-66
Garcia-Arcos, Itsaso; Geraghty, Patrick; Baumlin, Nathalie et al. (2016) Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax 71:1119-1129
Geraghty, Patrick; Baumlin, Nathalie; Salathe, Matthias A et al. (2016) Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Suppresses the Unfolded Protein Response upon Cigarette Smoke Exposure. Mediators Inflamm 2016:9461289
Foronjy, R F; Taggart, C C; Dabo, A J et al. (2015) Type-I interferons induce lung protease responses following respiratory syncytial virus infection via RIG-I-like receptors. Mucosal Immunol 8:161-75
Geraghty, Patrick; Hardigan, Andrew; Foronjy, Robert F (2014) Cigarette smoke activates the proto-oncogene c-src to promote airway inflammation and lung tissue destruction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 50:559-70
Brehm, Anthony; Geraghty, Patrick; Campos, Michael et al. (2014) Cathepsin G degradation of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) augments pulmonary inflammation. FASEB J 28:2318-31
Geraghty, Patrick; Eden, Edward; Pillai, Manju et al. (2014) ?1-Antitrypsin activates protein phosphatase 2A to counter lung inflammatory responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190:1229-42
Foronjy, Robert F; Dabo, Abdoulaye J; Taggart, Clifford C et al. (2014) Respiratory syncytial virus infections enhance cigarette smoke induced COPD in mice. PLoS One 9:e90567
Foronjy, Robert F; Dabo, Abdoulaye J; Cummins, Neville et al. (2014) Leukemia inhibitory factor protects the lung during respiratory syncytial viral infection. BMC Immunol 15:41

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