Several lines of evidence point toward circadian involvement in the pathogenesis of human disease. The human circadian system consists of a central pacemaker (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and also peripheral oscillators that are located in nearly every human tissue, including the heart, vessel walls and beta cells of the pancreas. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland (under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and entrained to the dark phase of a light-dark cycle. Besides serving as an antioxidant, melatonin suppresses sympathetic outflow, promotes vascular relaxation, and affects insulin secretion. As a molecular mediator of the circadian clock, melatonin is inversely associated with the development of hypertension in prospective data, and inversely associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cross- sectional studies;furthermore, polymorphisms in the melatonin receptors are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether melatonin production is independently associated with future CVD events and incident T2DM, however, has not been studied. Although human genetic studies suggest that common variants in core genes that control the circadian system (e.g., clock, arntl) may influence the development of T2DM and hypertension, associations with CVD have not been reported, and potential interactions between circadian disruption (short sleep duration, rotating night shift work, snoring) and these variants have not been explored. Finally, the relation between elements of the circadian system (i.e., melatonin, circadian genes) and CVD/T2DM mediators in humans is not well understood. The 3 major hypotheses that we will investigate are: (1) lower melatonin production is associated with CVD (myocardial infarction [MI] and stroke) and T2DM;(2) common variants in circadian genes are associated with CVD and T2DM, and the association is modified by circadian-disruptive factors;and (3) both lower melatonin production and circadian gene variants are associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we propose to draw on both new data collection and extensive existing genetic data from the ongoing Nurses'Health Study (NHS) cohort.
Aim 1 will employ two nested case-control studies (400 case-control pairs each) to examine the prospective association between melatonin production and the risk of incident CVD and T2DM events.
Aim 2 will employ a large sub-cohort (N=11,587) to investigate whether common genetic variants in circadian control genes are associated with prevalent CVD and T2DM, and prospectively, whether these variants interact with short sleep duration, rotating night shift work, and snoring in the development of CVD and T2DM.
Aim 3 will examine whether elements of the circadian system (melatonin, genetic variants) are associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. The results from this highly efficient and cost- effective study will help elucidate the relation between circadian misalignment and CVD and T2DM, and ultimately, could help identify novel treatment and prevention strategies.

Public Health Relevance

Several lines of evidence point toward involvement of circadian rhythms (that is, the human day-night cycle) in the development of heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes. This study aims to elucidate the role of human circadian elements, specifically melatonin (the nighttime hormone) plus genes that control the circadian system, in the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as to determine whether there is an interplay between these circadian elements and lifestyle-induced circadian disruption (like sleep deprivation and snoring). Our project may help provide a framework for innovative approaches in cardiovascular disease and diabetes treatment and prevention.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01HL103607-01A1
Application #
8104605
Study Section
Kidney, Nutrition, Obesity and Diabetes (KNOD)
Program Officer
Lewin, Daniel S
Project Start
2011-04-01
Project End
2015-03-31
Budget Start
2011-04-01
Budget End
2012-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$541,880
Indirect Cost
Name
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Department
Type
DUNS #
030811269
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02115
McMullan, Ciaran J; Rimm, Eric B; Schernhammer, Eva S et al. (2017) A nested case-control study of the association between melatonin secretion and incident myocardial infarction. Heart 103:694-701
McMullan, Ciaran J; Curhan, Gary C; Forman, John P (2016) Association of short sleep duration and rapid decline in renal function. Kidney Int 89:1324-30
Gangwisch, James E; Rexrode, Kathryn; Forman, John P et al. (2014) Daytime sleepiness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: results from the Nurses' Health Study II. Sleep Med 15:782-8
Gangwisch, James E; Feskanich, Diane; Malaspina, Dolores et al. (2013) Sleep duration and risk for hypertension in women: results from the nurses' health study. Am J Hypertens 26:903-11
McMullan, Ciaran J; Schernhammer, Eva S; Rimm, Eric B et al. (2013) Melatonin secretion and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA 309:1388-96
McMullan, Ciaran J; Curhan, Gary C; Schernhammer, Eva S et al. (2013) Association of nocturnal melatonin secretion with insulin resistance in nondiabetic young women. Am J Epidemiol 178:231-8
Pan, An; Schernhammer, Eva S; Sun, Qi et al. (2011) Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med 8:e1001141