Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant public health issue due to its high prevalence (> 2 million Americans) in the general population. AF is a multi-faceted, progressive disease which can increase the risk of death, stroke, and heart failure (HF). HF occurs in 30-40% of AF patients and has major implications for outcome - 25% 5-year mortality rate despite optimal medical therapy. In direct response to these sobering statistics, our proposal promotes a new paradigm for AF management - an aggressive rhythm control in patients with reversible left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) to improve LV function and survival. Our rationale for focusing on catheter ablation of AF is based on several randomized trials, which reported that it restores sinus rhythm more effectively than anti-arrhythmic drugs and with fewer side effects. For clinical decision making in AF patients with AF-induced LVD, the distinction between reversible and irreversible LVD is important to predict which patients will experience improved LV function and survival after catheter ablation. Our proposal seeks to develop a novel MRI method to distinguish between reversible and irreversible LVD in AF patients. Among various imaging biomarkers, cardiac fibrosis, as a marker of adverse structural remodeling, is particularly useful for predicting the outcome. MRI is the only non-invasive test capable of quantifying diffuse cardiac fibrosis using a cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequence. However, standard cardiac T1 mapping has two major limitations for imaging patients in AF: sensitivity to arrhythmia and long scan time. In response to these limitations, we will develop an arrhythmia-insensitive rapid (AIR) cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequence. Our central hypothesis is that the degree of LV functional recovery after restoring sinus rhythm inversely correlates with pre-existing diffuse LV fibrosis burden, which can be quantified accurately and precisely using an AIR cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequence. This hypothesis is supported by our compelling preliminary data from an established canine model with chronic AF which show that AF induces HF and diffuse LV fibrosis despite pharmacologic rate control; and compelling evidence from a previous clinical study which reported that AF ablation improves LV ejection fraction in HF patients under pharmacologic rate control. The specific objectives of our proposal are to develop and evaluate an AIR cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequence (aim 1), evaluate the correlation between MRI and histological measurements of diffuse LV fibrosis burden in established canine models with AF-induced LVD (aim 2), and evaluate the value of pre-existing LV fibrosis for predicting the LV functional recovery following catheter ablation in patients (aim 3). The long-term goal of our proposal is to create a risk stratification system for predicting LV functional improvement after catheter ablation of AF in patients with asymptomatic LVD. By using a risk-stratified approach to AF ablation, our proposal promotes a new paradigm for AF management: an aggressive rhythm control in patients with reversible LVD, which will likely have the highest chance for success and improve survival in this patient population.

Public Health Relevance

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of diagnosing heart muscle sickness. However, a successful MRI examination in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is technical challenging. Our proposal seeks to develop a novel MRI method specifically tailored for patients in AF and measure pre-existing heart muscle sickness to predict how well the heart muscle will function after AF treatment.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL116895-05
Application #
9446969
Study Section
Medical Imaging Study Section (MEDI)
Program Officer
Evans, Frank
Project Start
2015-02-01
Project End
2019-02-28
Budget Start
2018-03-01
Budget End
2019-02-28
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Northwestern University at Chicago
Department
Radiation-Diagnostic/Oncology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
005436803
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60611
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Robison, Sean; Hong, KyungPyo; Kim, Daniel et al. (2018) Evaluation of Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery and Arrhythmia-Insensitive Rapid Cardiac T1 Mapping Pulse Sequences in Cardiomyopathy Patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 42:732-738
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Hong, KyungPyo; Collins, Jeremy; Lee, Daniel C et al. (2016) Optimized AIR and investigational MOLLI cardiac T1 mapping pulse sequences produce similar intra-scan repeatability in patients at 3T. NMR Biomed 29:1454-63
Ranjan, Ravi; McGann, Christopher J; Jeong, Eun-Kee et al. (2015) Wideband late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for imaging myocardial scar without image artefacts induced by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: a feasibility study at 3 T. Europace 17:483-8
Hong, KyungPyo; Jeong, Eun-Kee; Wall, T Scott et al. (2015) Wideband arrhythmia-Insensitive-rapid (AIR) pulse sequence for cardiac T1 mapping without image artifacts induced by an implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator. Magn Reson Med 74:336-45
Lindley, Marc D; Kim, Daniel; Morrell, Glen et al. (2015) High-permittivity thin dielectric padding improves fresh blood imaging of femoral arteries at 3 T. Invest Radiol 50:101-7
Hong, KyungPyo; Kim, Daniel (2014) MOLLI and AIR T1 mapping pulse sequences yield different myocardial T1 and ECV measurements. NMR Biomed 27:1419-26

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