Although APOL1 risk alleles are among the most powerful common genetic disease variants identified to date in terms of frequency and effect size, the presence of two risk alleles (a high-risk genotype) does not lead to kidney disease in all or even most individuals. We have been seeking factors that lead from APOL1 risk genotype to overt kidney disease. We have identified candidate genetic factors that modify the risk of disease. We have begun to dissect the upstream and downstream biochemical modifiers of APOL1-associated disease and believe that we have made significant progress towards these goals. Our genetic and biochemical studies have shown that pro-inflammatory stimuli such as interferons can regulate APOL1 expression leading to overt disease in individuals with a high-risk APOL1 genotype, and that disease is reversible when the stimuli are removed. We have begun investigating post-transcriptional modifications of APOL1 mRNA and the effect of microRNA on APOL1 levels. In this application, we outline studies to continue pursuing what we believe to be the most fruitful of these directions.
We aim to do the following:
Aim 1. Define the genetics and biology of loci modifying the APOL1-associated FSGS phenotype. We will replicate the admixture associations in individuals with FSGS that we have identified on Chr18q22-23 and Chr6p21-22 loci and determine if there is evidence of admixture association at other genomic regions as well. We will perform fine-mapping to identify the variants driving the admixture signal. We will perform functional tests of genes and their haplotype-defining variants.
Aim 2 : Define how inflammatory factors and pathways upregulate APOL1 expression in vitro and in vivo. We will elucidate how TLR4 activation (by LPS and lipids) drives APOL1 expression as we did previously for TLR3 activation (by double-stranded RNA). We will validate these pathways for APOL1 induction in vivo and observe how various inflammatory stimuli drive APOL1 expression in different kidney cell types. We will then ask how induction of wild-type and risk-variant APOL1 via these stimuli impacts kidneys in vivo and whether we can reverse APOL1 toxicity by blocking inflammation-driven APOL1 expression.
Aim 3. Determine how the APOL1 3'UTR and microRNA regulate APOL1 function. We will identify the tissues and cells where APOL1 3'-UTR cleavage occurs. We will determine how APOL1 mRNA cleavage alters mRNA half-life and regulation by miRNA. We will explore how 3'-UTR cleavage alters APOL1 translation and trafficking. Lastly, we will pair a genome-wide miRNA screen with profiling of human glomerular miRNA expression to identify miRNA that regulate APOL1 in health and disease.

Public Health Relevance

We have shown that two specific genetic variants in the APOL1 gene account for the very high rate of kidney disease in African Americans, and also confer resistance to Sleeping Sickness in Africa. The experiments here will address what factors work together with APOL1 to produce kidney disease. Understanding how these differences in the APOL1 gene cause kidney disease in African Americans will have direct implications for improving all aspects of care for the growing number people with this serious public health problem.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01MD007092-06
Application #
9317316
Study Section
Pathobiology of Kidney Disease Study Section (PBKD)
Program Officer
Rajapakse, Nishadi
Project Start
2012-04-01
Project End
2022-01-31
Budget Start
2017-06-01
Budget End
2018-01-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$389,250
Indirect Cost
$164,250
Name
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Department
Type
Independent Hospitals
DUNS #
071723621
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02215
Zhang, Jia-Yue; Wang, Minxian; Tian, Lei et al. (2018) UBD modifies APOL1-induced kidney disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:3446-3451
Skorecki, Karl L; Lee, Jessica H; Langefeld, Carl D et al. (2018) A null variant in the apolipoprotein L3 gene is associated with non-diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 33:323-330
Olabisi, Opeyemi A; Heneghan, John F (2017) APOL1 Nephrotoxicity: What Does Ion Transport Have to Do With It? Semin Nephrol 37:546-551
Wang, Hanghang; Pun, Patrick H; Kwee, Lydia et al. (2017) Apolipoprotein L1 Genetic Variants Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease but Not with Cardiovascular Disease in a Population Referred for Cardiac Catheterization. Cardiorenal Med 7:96-103
Friedman, David J; Pollak, Martin R (2016) Apolipoprotein L1 and Kidney Disease in African Americans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27:204-215
Mukamal, Kenneth J; Tremaglio, Joseph; Friedman, David J et al. (2016) APOL1 Genotype, Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease, and Death in Older Adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 36:398-403
Olabisi, Opeyemi A; Zhang, Jia-Yue; VerPlank, Lynn et al. (2016) APOL1 kidney disease risk variants cause cytotoxicity by depleting cellular potassium and inducing stress-activated protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:830-7
Sharma, Alok K; Friedman, David J; Pollak, Martin R et al. (2016) Structural characterization of the C-terminal coiled-coil domains of wild-type and kidney disease-associated mutants of apolipoprotein L1. FEBS J 283:1846-62
Kopp, Jeffrey B; Winkler, Cheryl A; Zhao, Xiongce et al. (2015) Clinical Features and Histology of Apolipoprotein L1-Associated Nephropathy in the FSGS Clinical Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:1443-8
Heneghan, J F; Vandorpe, D H; Shmukler, B E et al. (2015) BH3 domain-independent apolipoprotein L1 toxicity rescued by BCL2 prosurvival proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 309:C332-47

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