Amygdala structure and function are abnormal in a remarkable number of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. However, the normal cellular development of the human amygdala remains almost entirely unstudied. As a result, there is no baseline information that can be used to identify the cellular alterations that are associated with these disorders. Autism is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and is marked by profound changes in the growth of the amygdala in the first years of life. However, there have been no quantitative, postmortem studies of the cellular features underlying these early structural changes in young children with autism. In the only quantitative postmortem study of the amygdala published to date, we found that in adults with autism, neuron number is reduced. Interestingly, these alterations are most robust in the lateral (sensory input) nucleus of the amygdala. However, the cellular processes that create this diminished neuronal population remain unknown. Thus, the overarching goal of this proposal is to define the cellular maturation of the human amygdala from childhood to adulthood in typical development and contrast this cellular profile with developmental trajectory of the amygdala in individuals with autism. We will also explore what neural defects and disease states might produce pathological changes in cell populations in autism. Our research program will examine the amygdala from 80 postmortem brains (40 autism, 40 control) equally distributed across the age range of 2-40 years. We will employ a novel approach to conducting studies of human brain tissue by carrying out multiple experiments, including quantitative stereology to estimate neuron and glia numbers, Golgi impregnation to assess dendritic maturation, and immunohistochemistry to assess neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration within the same subject. This approach not only allows us to maximize the amount of knowledge we can gain from every brain donation, but also to examine the relationships between multiple cellular features. This research program will be the first to comprehensively describe the cellular maturation of the human amygdala from childhood to adulthood, representing a major advance in our understanding of the cellular properties of the typically developing human brain and completing a critical first step in examining the origins of many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The program will also be the first to quantitatively examine cellular alterations in the brain in children with autism, enhancing our understanding of the developmental neuropathology of this disorder and pointing the way towards targets for effective biological therapeutics.

Public Health Relevance

A precise understanding of the cellular composition and structural development of the amygdala in typical development would serve as a baseline for which to compare amygdala neuropathology found in several common neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In addition, this research will provide a comprehensive map of amygdala cellular development in autism. This information will facilitate our understanding of the causes of these disorders and the development of treatments options.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH097236-05
Application #
8894602
Study Section
Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (DBD)
Program Officer
Gilotty, Lisa
Project Start
2011-09-01
Project End
2016-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2016-06-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$385,000
Indirect Cost
$135,000
Name
University of California Davis
Department
Psychiatry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
047120084
City
Davis
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
95618
Lew, Caroline H; Groeniger, Kimberly M; Bellugi, Ursula et al. (2018) A postmortem stereological study of the amygdala in Williams syndrome. Brain Struct Funct 223:1897-1907
Weir, R K; Bauman, M D; Jacobs, B et al. (2018) Protracted dendritic growth in the typically developing human amygdala and increased spine density in young ASD brains. J Comp Neurol 526:262-274
Avino, Thomas A; Barger, Nicole; Vargas, Martha V et al. (2018) Neuron numbers increase in the human amygdala from birth to adulthood, but not in autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:3710-3715
Bauman, M D; Schumann, C M (2018) Advances in nonhuman primate models of autism: Integrating neuroscience and behavior. Exp Neurol 299:252-265
Schumann, Cynthia M; Sharp, Frank R; Ander, Bradley P et al. (2017) Possible sexually dimorphic role of miRNA and other sncRNA in ASD brain. Mol Autism 8:4
Ander, Bradley P; Barger, Nicole; Stamova, Boryana et al. (2015) Atypical miRNA expression in temporal cortex associated with dysregulation of immune, cell cycle, and other pathways in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 6:37
Stamova, Boryana; Ander, Bradley P; Barger, Nicole et al. (2015) Specific Regional and Age-Related Small Noncoding RNA Expression Patterns Within Superior Temporal Gyrus of Typical Human Brains Are Less Distinct in Autism Brains. J Child Neurol 30:1930-46
Barger, Nicole; Sheley, Matthew F; Schumann, Cynthia M (2015) Stereological study of pyramidal neurons in the human superior temporal gyrus from childhood to adulthood. J Comp Neurol 523:1054-72
Weir, Ruth K; Forghany, Reihaneh; Smith, Stephen E P et al. (2015) Preliminary evidence of neuropathology in nonhuman primates prenatally exposed to maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 48:139-46
Liu, Xiao-Bo; Schumann, Cynthia M (2014) Optimization of electron microscopy for human brains with long-term fixation and fixed-frozen sections. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2:42

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