Avoidant and restrictive eating is common across youth mental health disorders, and is prospectively associated with poor growth, nutritional deficiencies, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial impairment. The newly introduced DSM-5 Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder includes some (but not all) avoidant and restrictive eating presentations. Initial evidence suggests that avoidant and restrictive eating is highly heterogeneous, with poor intake characterized by choking or vomiting phobias; loss of interest in feeding; and/or extreme food selectivity. Moreover, very little is known about its pathophysiology or long- term outcomes. Our study will leverage unique and complementary contributions of an international team with expertise in clinical psychology, child psychiatry, pediatrics, endocrinology, biostatistics and functional neuroimaging to investigate risk mechanisms and longitudinal outcomes of avoidant and restrictive eating. We will establish a clinical cohort of children aged 8-18 years (n=100) and healthy controls (n=50) matched for sex, age, and Tanner stage to investigate how, across units of analysis, RDoC constructs contribute to avoidant and restrictive eating. First, we hypothesize that Negative Valence (acute threat/fear) over-activity (circuits: amygdala activation during a validated fear paradigm; hormones: cortisol and oxytocin; physiology: heart rate and skin conductance; self report: fear and trait anxiety) will correlate with phobic features. Second, we hypothesize that Arousal/Regulatory (homeostasis) dysfunction (circuits: hypothalamus and insula hypoactivation during a validated food paradigm; hormones: PYY, CKK, BDNF; self report: hunger and fullness) will correlate with low-appetite features. Third, we will explore Cognitive Systems (perception) over-sensitivity (circuits: hyperactivation in primary taste cortex during a taste paradigm; hormones: PYY; self report: sensory profile; behavior: taste and odor threshold, discrimination, and detection; physiology: taste perception) and its correlation with sensory features. We expect that the clinical cohort will have greater dysfunction across these 3 constructs than controls. We will then use latent class factor models to determine whether avoidant/restrictive eating comprises multiple distinct phenotypes (as prior literature assumes) or a single phenotype with 3 overlapping dimensions (as we hypothesize). We will follow our clinical cohort for 2 years to evaluate a) the persistence of avoidant/restrictive eating, growth, and psychopathology outcomes; and b) if dysfunction in all 3 RDoC constructs predicts outcomes. This study will be innovative and unique in 3 ways: 1) by providing an empirical investigation of an understudied clinical presentation; 2) by providing the first investigation of pathophysiology and risk mechanisms; and 3) by characterizing poorly understood longitudinal outcomes. In sum, conceptualizing avoidant/restrictive eating within an RDoC framework that integrates mind, brain, and behavior has great potential to reduce the burden of feeding disorders by informing nosology, treatment, and prevention.

Public Health Relevance

The limited understanding of avoidant and restrictive eating in childhood and adolescence impinges on the treatment and prevention of a common behavior that has long-term impact on growth, nutrition, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. This multi-site and multidisciplinary study offers an important opportunity to examine how underlying neurobiological abnormalities contribute to both phenotypic presentations and outcomes, integrating findings across mind, brain, and behavior. Hence, this innovative project has great potential to reduce the public health burden of avoidant/restrictive eating by informing nosology, treatment, and prevention.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH108595-02
Application #
9244073
Study Section
Child Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Study Section (CPDD)
Program Officer
Zehr, Julia L
Project Start
2016-03-15
Project End
2021-02-28
Budget Start
2017-03-01
Budget End
2018-02-28
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
$642,372
Indirect Cost
$222,330
Name
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department
Type
Independent Hospitals
DUNS #
073130411
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02114
Bryant-Waugh, Rachel; Micali, Nadia; Cooke, Lucy et al. (2018) Development of the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview, a multi-informant, semi-structured interview of feeding disorders across the lifespan: A pilot study for ages 10-22. Int J Eat Disord :
Thomas, Jennifer J; Wons, Olivia B; Eddy, Kamryn T (2018) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 31:425-430
Thomas, Jennifer J; Brigham, Kathryn S; Sally, Sarah T et al. (2017) Case 18-2017 - An 11-Year-Old Girl with Difficulty Eating after a Choking Incident. N Engl J Med 376:2377-2386
Thomas, Jennifer J; Lawson, Elizabeth A; Micali, Nadia et al. (2017) Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: a Three-Dimensional Model of Neurobiology with Implications for Etiology and Treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19:54