Adaptive immune cells in the periphery (T and B cells) and innate immune cells in the brain (microglia) have been implicated in the brain homeostasis in health and disease. Rodent studies using immunodeficient mice have revealed that the loss of adaptive immune cells (T and B cells) led to impaired learning and memory, anxiety-like behaviors, and impaired sociability. Nevertheless, it is not clear how adaptive immune cells communicate with microglia and affect brain development and function. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the communication between adaptive immune cells and brain cells during brain development and in adulthood. Our preliminary studies revealed that Rag1-/- and [Rag2- /-mice], lacking both T and B cells, exhibited impaired social behaviors. In Rag1-/- mice, increased c-Fos expression and altered microglial phenotypes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were observed. This is consistent with previous reports that mPFC dysfunction is involved in social behaviors. [Notably, adoptive transfer of wild-type (WT) splenocytes (containing T and B cells) rescued Rag1-/- social behavioral deficits. Further, injection of WT serum exosomes rescued the same phenotype. The social behavioral deficits were also observed in Rag2-/- mice despite the fact that Rag2 is normally absent in the WT brain. Together, these findings suggest that T and B cells contribute to social behaviors via exosomes.] Indeed, we observed that exosomes from the sera of Rag1-/- mice lacked the expression of T and B cell markers and multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) presumably derived from T and B cells. The expression of predicted target gene(s) of these miRNAs, such as Ski, was enhanced in the PFC of Rag1-/- mice. In contrast, WT serum exosomes decreased Ski expression in microglia. Recent studies showed that microglia control neuronal synapses. Thus, our data suggest that deficient adaptive immune cell-microglia communication via exosomes impairs social behaviors by altering mPFC function. Hence, in this study, we will test our hypothesis that the lack of adaptive immune cell-derived exosomes and their miRNAs results in impaired social behaviors via altered microglial control of neuronal function in the medial PFC. We will first validate and extend our findings on serum exosomes and the mPFC neurons in Rag1-/- mice, and determine the causal role for the lack of adaptive immune cells by restoring them back into Rag1-/- mice with adoptive transfer technique (Aim 1). We will also examine the direct impact of impaired exosome release and miRNA production in adaptive immune cells on microglia and neurons in the mPFC and social behaviors by genetic approaches (Aim 2). [In addition, we will address the contribution of pyramidal neurons and microglia in the mPFC to impaired social behaviors (Aim 3).] This study will reveal novel mechanisms whereby adaptive immune cell-derived exosomes influence brain function and behavior and may eventually lead to novel therapeutic strategies in psychiatric disorders.

Public Health Relevance

Abnormalities in adaptive immune system are suggested as an underlying mechanism of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. This proposal outlines experiments designed to determine novel mechanisms by adaptive immune cell-derived exosomes control brain function and behavior. The findings may offer an unprecedented opportunity to develop therapeutic strategies for psychiatric disorders by targeting peripheral immune cells without directly accessing the brain.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01MH113645-01A1
Application #
9518261
Study Section
Neuroendocrinology, Neuroimmunology, Rhythms and Sleep Study Section (NNRS)
Program Officer
Winsky, Lois M
Project Start
2018-03-16
Project End
2022-12-31
Budget Start
2018-03-16
Budget End
2018-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Psychiatry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21205
Kano, Shin-Ichi; Hodgkinson, Colin A; Jones-Brando, Lorraine et al. (2018) Host-parasite interaction associated with major mental illness. Mol Psychiatry :