The identification and analysis of clock genes in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, revealed that the circadian clock is based on autoregulatory feedback loops in gene expression. Similar feedback loops serve to keep circadian time in essentially all eukaryotes, and the genes that mediate feedback loop function are well conserved from insects to mammals. A key function of these feedback loops is that they drive circadian rhythms in transcription that are required to keep circadian time and drive overt rhythms in physiology, metabolism and behavior. Consequently, these clocks are of great clinical importance because their dysfunction can lead to sleep problems, metabolic disorders, and even cancer. Despite the importance of rhythmic transcription for circadian clock function, the mechanisms that regulate rhythms in transcription are not well understood. Feedback loop function is initiated when the bHLH-PAS proteins CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) form heterodimers and bind E-box regulatory elements to activate period, (per) and timeless (tim) transcription. Rising levels of PER and TIM proteins form complexes with DOUBLETIME (DBT) kinase, move into the nucleus, and bind CLK-CYC to inhibit transcription. Degradation of PER and TIM then releases repression, and the next cycle of transcription can begin. Even though transcriptional repression by PER-TIM- DBT controls rhythmic transcription, how these complexes repress transcription is not known. PER-TIM-DBT complexes bind to and remove CLK-CYC from E-boxes, thereby promoting transcriptional repression. PER- CLK binding is not sufficient to remove CLK-CYC from E-boxes, but PER-TIM-DBT dependent phosphorylation of CLK coincides with CLK-CYC release from E-boxes, suggesting that CLK phosphorylation represses transcription. Although DBT and PER are required for CLK phosphorylation, DBT catalytic activity is not necessary, indicating that other kinases directly phosphorylate CLK.
In Specific Aim 1 we will identify and characterize kinases that directly phosphorylate CLK, define their target sites, and determine the function of these phosphorylation sites. When transcriptional repression is released by the degradation of PER and TIM, hyperphosphorylated CLK is replaced by transcriptionally competent hypophosphorylated CLK through an undefined mechanism. Overall CLK levels do not vary substantially over a circadian cycle, which suggests that hyperphosphorylated CLK is directly converted to hypophosphorylated CLK via dephosphorylation. In support of this possibility, CLK can be dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2a (PP2a) in cultured Schneider 2 (S2) cells.
In Specific Aim 2 we will identify and characterize phosphatases that dephosphorylate CLK. This work will reveal novel features of the circadian timekeeping mechanism in Drosophila that are likely to be conserved in all animals including humans.

Public Health Relevance

Essentially all organisms use circadian clocks to control daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism and behavior. These clocks are of great clinical importance since their dysfunction can lead to sleep problems, metabolic disorders, and even cancer. An understanding of the mechanisms that control clock function will lead to the development of treatments for clock disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS052854-06
Application #
8129561
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IFCN-L (02))
Program Officer
Mitler, Merrill
Project Start
2005-05-01
Project End
2015-07-31
Budget Start
2011-08-01
Budget End
2012-07-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$310,603
Indirect Cost
Name
Texas A&M University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
078592789
City
College Station
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77845
Agrawal, Parul; Hardin, Paul E (2016) An RNAi Screen To Identify Protein Phosphatases That Function Within the Drosophila Circadian Clock. G3 (Bethesda) 6:4227-4238
Agrawal, Parul; Hardin, Paul E (2016) The Drosophila Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LAR Is Required for Development of Circadian Pacemaker Neuron Processes That Support Rhythmic Activity in Constant Darkness But Not during Light/Dark Cycles. J Neurosci 36:3860-70
Lee, Euna; Jeong, Eun Hee; Jeong, Hyun-Jeong et al. (2014) Phosphorylation of a central clock transcription factor is required for thermal but not photic entrainment. PLoS Genet 10:e1004545
Menet, Jerome S; Hardin, Paul E (2014) Circadian clocks: the tissue is the issue. Curr Biol 24:R25-R27
Mahesh, Guruswamy; Jeong, EunHee; Ng, Fanny S et al. (2014) Phosphorylation of the transcription activator CLOCK regulates progression through a ? 24-h feedback loop to influence the circadian period in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 289:19681-93
Hardin, Paul E; Panda, Satchidananda (2013) Circadian timekeeping and output mechanisms in animals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23:724-31
Kaneko, Haruna; Head, Lauren M; Ling, Jinli et al. (2012) Circadian rhythm of temperature preference and its neural control in Drosophila. Curr Biol 22:1851-7
Yu, Wangjie; Houl, Jerry H; Hardin, Paul E (2011) NEMO kinase contributes to core period determination by slowing the pace of the Drosophila circadian oscillator. Curr Biol 21:756-61
Hardin, Paul E (2011) Molecular genetic analysis of circadian timekeeping in Drosophila. Adv Genet 74:141-73
Yu, Wangjie; Zheng, Hao; Price, Jeffrey L et al. (2009) DOUBLETIME plays a noncatalytic role to mediate CLOCK phosphorylation and repress CLOCK-dependent transcription within the Drosophila circadian clock. Mol Cell Biol 29:1452-8

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