Moderate to severe Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a major public health problem, significantly affecting 1.5 to 3% of adult Americans (3 - 7 million), resulting in profound sleep loss and an urge to move during sitting or resting in the latr part of the day. Work productivity is decreased by 20%, quality of life is as bad as or worse than that for other chronic diseases, e.g. arthritis and diabetes, and there is increased cardio- vascular disease risk. Current approved dopaminergic treatments fail to improve sleep time, engender impulsive behaviors and may make RLS worse. New treatments and new research directions to find them are needed. The current research focus on the sensory features has failed to address an important aspect of RLS;i.e. a 'hyperarousal'or profound chronic sleep loss without significant excessive daytime sleepiness. This hyperarousal produces RLS symptoms by overwhelming the normal inhibitory processes needed to decrease sensory and motor cortical activity for resting and sleep. Thus the hyperarousal produces both the RLS need to move when trying to rest and the inability to maintain sleep. The biological consequences of this hyperarousal process on sleep (increased wake time) and cortical excitability (as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) are postulated to reflect increased degree of excitatory glutamatergic activity, and therefore affected brain regions will show relatively increased glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) on MR spectroscopy (MRS). Changes in inhibitory activity and GABA may also occur, but less significantly than the increase in Glu/Gln. Our pilot MRS data discovered a new abnormality in RLS: increased Thalamic Glx (Glu + Gln) that correlated well with sleep measures of hyperarousal. Glx levels are not specific for the neurotransmitter role of Glu. In this project RLS and matching controls subjects will be studied using polysomnograms (PSG) and TMS and 7T MRI for MRS that provides accurate measurement of Gln levels, which reflect mostly neurotransmitter Glu activity.
The first aim i s to confirm that Gln is increased in the thalamus and to determine if this also occurs in the motor and sensory cortices. The relation between Glu, Gln and GABA will also be evaluated. Second, assessments will be made of the degree of relation between Gln increase and the hyperarousal effects on sleep and cortical excitability (TMS). This would demonstrate that abnormally increased Glu activity is primary to RLS hyperarousal and radically changes the emphasis in RLS to be less on dopamine and more on Glu- hyperarousal as a major feature of RLS. This is an entirely new direction for RLS research and treatment development. The new concept of hyperarousal adds a missing dimension to understanding RLS, namely the discovery of the Glu abnormality and its central relation to the other hyperarousal features. It opens the opportunity to develop new animal and cell RLS research. It provides new directions for medication treatment development, changes the emphasis for primary treatment toward Glu drugs and the MRS provides a useful and accessible measure for evaluating medication treatment benefits.

Public Health Relevance

Moderate to severe Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a major public health problem, significantly affecting up to 3% of adult Americans (7 million), resulting in inability to rest or sleep (sleeping 3 - 5 hours every night), decreased quality of lie, and 20% loss of work productivity and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The brain arousal systems appear to be overactive in RLS and would therefore be expected to produce neurochemical changes marking the disease status. This project includes measuring these neurochemicals in RLS with advanced magnetic resonance imaging, evaluating their relation to RLS symptoms and changing RLS treatment focus to new options aimed at correcting the overactive arousal process in RLS.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS075184-02
Application #
8534307
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-CNNT-N (09))
Program Officer
Gwinn, Katrina
Project Start
2012-09-01
Project End
2015-07-31
Budget Start
2013-08-01
Budget End
2014-07-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$370,034
Indirect Cost
$131,847
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21218
Wang, Allan; Foster, Keyana; Skeba, Patrick et al. (2018) Assessment of change in restless legs syndrome symptoms during the acute drug-withdrawal period. Sleep Med 52:80-87
Connor, James R; Patton, Stephanie M; Oexle, Konrad et al. (2017) Iron and restless legs syndrome: treatment, genetics and pathophysiology. Sleep Med 31:61-70
Allen, Richard P; Donelson, Nathan C; Jones, Byron C et al. (2017) Animal models of RLS phenotypes. Sleep Med 31:23-28
Li, Xu; Allen, Richard P; Earley, Christopher J et al. (2016) Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla. Sleep Med 22:75-82
Skeba, Patrick; Hiranniramol, Kasidet; Earley, Christopher J et al. (2016) Inter-movement interval as a primary stable measure of periodic limb movements of sleep. Sleep Med 17:138-43
Hone-Blanchet, Antoine; Salas, Rachel E; Celnik, Pablo et al. (2015) Co-registration of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 242:52-7
Huang, Andy S; Skeba, Patrick; Yang, Myung S et al. (2015) MATPLM1, A MATLAB script for scoring of periodic limb movements: preliminary validation with visual scoring. Sleep Med 16:1541-9
Allen, Richard P (2015) Restless Leg Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease Pathophysiology. Sleep Med Clin 10:207-14, xi
Yang, Myung Sung; Montplaisir, Jacques; Desautels, Alex et al. (2014) Valid measures of periodic leg movements (PLMs) during a suggested immobilization test using the PAM-RL leg activity monitors require adjusting detection parameters for noise and signal in each recording. Sleep Med 15:132-7
Allen, Richard P; Barker, Peter B; Horská, Alena et al. (2013) Thalamic glutamate/glutamine in restless legs syndrome: increased and related to disturbed sleep. Neurology 80:2028-34